Show simple item record

Work as overload or enhancement for family caregivers of older adults: Assessment of experienced well-being over the day

dc.contributor.authorPatterson, Sarah E.
dc.contributor.authorFreedman, Vicki A.
dc.contributor.authorCornman, Jennifer C.
dc.contributor.authorWolff, Jennifer L.
dc.date.accessioned2023-06-01T20:46:59Z
dc.date.available2024-06-01 16:46:58en
dc.date.available2023-06-01T20:46:59Z
dc.date.issued2023-05
dc.identifier.citationPatterson, Sarah E.; Freedman, Vicki A.; Cornman, Jennifer C.; Wolff, Jennifer L. (2023). "Work as overload or enhancement for family caregivers of older adults: Assessment of experienced well-being over the day." Journal of Marriage and Family 85(3): 760-781.
dc.identifier.issn0022-2445
dc.identifier.issn1741-3737
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/176794
dc.description.abstractObjectiveThis study examines work and care patterns and their association with experienced well-being over the course of the day and tests a moderating effect of gender.BackgroundMany family and unpaid caregivers to older adults face dual responsibilities of work and caregiving. Yet little is known about how working caregivers sequence responsibilities through the day and their implications for well-being.MethodSequence and cluster analysis is applied to nationally representative time diary data from working caregivers to older adults in the United States collected by the National Study of Caregiving (NSOC) (N = 1005). OLS regression is used to test the association with well-being and a moderating effect of gender.ResultsAmong working caregivers, five clusters emerged, referred to as: Day Off, Care Between Late Shifts, Balancing Act, Care After Work, and Care After Overwork. Among working caregivers, experienced well-being was significantly lower among those in the Care Between Late Shifts and Care After Work clusters relative to those in the Day Off cluster. Gender did not moderate these findings.ConclusionThe well-being of caregivers who split time between a limited number of hours of work and care is comparable to those who take a day off. However, among working caregivers balancing full-time work—whether day or night–with care presents a strain for both men and women.ImplicationsPolicies that target full-time workers who are balancing care for an older adult may help increase well-being.
dc.publisherWiley Subscription Services, Inc.
dc.subject.otherwork-family issues
dc.subject.otherwell-being
dc.subject.othergender
dc.subject.otherelder care
dc.subject.othercaregiving
dc.titleWork as overload or enhancement for family caregivers of older adults: Assessment of experienced well-being over the day
dc.typeArticle
dc.rights.robotsIndexNoFollow
dc.subject.hlbsecondlevelPsychiatry
dc.subject.hlbsecondlevelFamily Medicine and Specialties
dc.subject.hlbtoplevelHealth Sciences
dc.description.peerreviewedPeer Reviewed
dc.description.bitstreamurlhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/176794/1/jomf12909.pdf
dc.description.bitstreamurlhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/176794/2/jomf12909_am.pdf
dc.identifier.doi10.1111/jomf.12909
dc.identifier.sourceJournal of Marriage and Family
dc.identifier.citedreferencePavalko, E. K., & Woodbury, S. ( 2000 ). Social roles as process: Caregiving careers and women’s health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 41 ( 1 ), 91 – 105. https://doi.org/10.2307/2676362
dc.identifier.citedreferencePatterson, S. E., & Arche, A. ( 2021 ). Aging, work, and caregiving: Current knowledge and directions for future research. In E. F. Fideler (Ed.), Handbook on aging and work. Rowman and Littlefield.
dc.identifier.citedreferencePatterson, S. E., Damaske, S., & Sheroff, C. ( 2017 ). Gender and the MBA: Differences in career trajectories, institutional support, and outcomes. Gender and Society, 31 ( 3 ), 310 – 332. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243217703630
dc.identifier.citedreferencePatterson, S. E., & Margolis, R. ( 2019 ). The demography of multigenerational caregiving: A critical aspect of the gendered life course. Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World, 5, 237802311986273. https://doi.org/10.1177/2378023119862737
dc.identifier.citedreferencePavalko, E. K. ( 2011 ). Caregiving and the life course: Connecting the personal and the public. In R. A. Settersten & J. L. Angel (Eds.), Handbook of sociology of aging (pp. 603 – 616 ). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7374-0
dc.identifier.citedreferencePavalko, E. K., & Wolfe, J. D. ( 2016 ). Do women still care? Cohort changes in US women’s care for the ill or disabled. Social Forces, 94 ( 3 ), 1359 – 1384. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/sov101
dc.identifier.citedreferencePinquart, M., & Sörensen, S. ( 2003 ). Associations of stressors and uplifts of caregiving with caregiver burden and depressive mood: A meta-analysis. Journals of Gerontology - Series B Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 58 ( 2 ), 112 – 128. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/58.2.P112
dc.identifier.citedreferencePinquart, M., & Sörensen, S. ( 2006 ). Gender differences in caregiver stressors, social resources, and health: An updated meta-analysis. Journals of Gerontology - Series B Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 61 ( 1 ), 33 – 45. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/61.1.P33
dc.identifier.citedreferencePresser, H. ( 2005 ). Working in a 24/7 economy. In Challenges for American families. Russell Sage Foundation.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceRoberts, A. W., Ogunwole, S. U., Blakeslee, L., & Rabe, M. A. ( 2018 ). The population 65 years and older in the United States: 2016. American Community Survey Reports, ACS-38.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceRoeters, A., & Gracia, P. ( 2016 ). Child care time, parents’ well-being, and gender: Evidence from the American time use survey. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25 ( 8 ), 2469 – 2479. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-016-0416-7
dc.identifier.citedreferenceRuppanner, L., & Bostean, G. ( 2014 ). Who cares? Caregiver well-being in Europe. European Sociological Review, 30 ( 5 ), 655 – 669. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcu065
dc.identifier.citedreferenceRussell, R. ( 2007 ). Men doing “women’s work:” elderly men caregivers and the gendered construction of care work. Journal of Men’s Studies, 15 ( 1 ), 1 – 18. https://doi.org/10.3149/jms.1501.1
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSayer, L. C. ( 2005 ). Gender, time and inequality: Trends in women’s and men’s paid work, unpaid work and free time. Social Forces, 84 ( 1 ), 285 – 303. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2005.0126
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSayer, L. C., Freedman, V. A., & Bianchi, S. M. ( 2016 ). Gender, time use, and aging. In L. K. George & K. F. Ferraro (Eds.), Handbook of aging and the social sciences ( 8th ed., pp. 163 – 180 ). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-417235-7.00008-1
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSchulz, R., & Eden, J. (Eds.). ( 2016 ). Families caring for an aging America. National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/23606
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSchulz, R. ( 2020 ). The intersection of family caregiving and work: Labor force participation, productivity, and caregiver well-being. In S. J. Czaja, J. Sharit, & J. B. James (Eds.), Current and emerging trends in aging and work (pp. 399 – 413 ). Springer.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSieber, S. D. ( 1974 ). Toward a theory of role accumulation. American Sociological Review, 39 ( 4 ), 567 – 578. https://doi.org/10.2307/2094422
dc.identifier.citedreferenceThoits, P. A. ( 1983 ). Multiple identities and psychological well-being: A reformulation and test of the social isolation hypothesis. American Sociological Review, 48 ( 2 ), 174 – 187. https://doi.org/10.2307/2095103
dc.identifier.citedreferenceUtz, R. L., Lund, D. A., Caserta, M. S., & Wright, S. D. ( 2012 ). The benefits of respite time-use: A comparison of employed and nonemployed caregivers. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 31 ( 3 ), 438 – 461. https://doi.org/10.1177/0733464810389607
dc.identifier.citedreferencevan Houtven, C. H., Coe, N. B., & Skira, M. M. ( 2013 ). The effect of informal care on work and wages. Journal of Health Economics, 32 ( 1 ), 240 – 252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2012.10.006
dc.identifier.citedreferenceVincent, G. K., & Velkoff, V. A. ( 2010 ). The older population in the United States: 2010 to 2050 (Issue May). https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2010/demo/p25-1138.html
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWolff, J. L., Drabo, E. F., & Van Houtven, C. H. ( 2019 ). Beyond parental leave: Paid family leave for an aging America. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 67 ( 7 ), 1322 – 1324. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.15873
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWolff, J. L., Spillman, B. C., Freedman, V. A., & Kasper, J. D. ( 2016 ). A national profile of family and unpaid caregivers who assist older adults with health care activities. JAMA Internal Medicine, 176 ( 3 ), 372 – 379. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.7664
dc.identifier.citedreferenceAbbott, A., & Tsay, A. ( 2000 ). Sequence analysis and optimal matching methods in sociology: Review and prospect. Sociological Methods & Research, 29 ( 1 ), 3 – 33. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124100029001001
dc.identifier.citedreferenceAgree, E. M. ( 2018 ). Demography of aging and the family. In M. D. Hayward & M. K. Majmundar (Eds.), Future directions for the demography of aging: Proceedings of a workshop (pp. 159 – 186 ). The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/25064
dc.identifier.citedreferenceAughinbaugh, A., & Woods, R. A. ( 2021 ). Patterns of caregiving and work. Monthly Labor Review, pp. 1–19. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27009462
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBangerter, L. R., Liu, Y., Kim, K., Zarit, S. H., Birditt, K. S., & Fingerman, K. L. ( 2018 ). Everyday support to aging parents: Links to middle-aged children’s diurnal cortisol and daily mood. Gerontologist, 58 ( 4 ), 654 – 662. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnw207
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBarnett, R. C., & Hyde, J. S. ( 2001 ). Women, men, work, and family: An expansionist theory. American Psychologist, 56 ( 10 ), 781 – 796. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.56.10.781
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBianchi, S. M. ( 2011 ). Family change and time allocation in American families. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 638 ( 1 ), 21 – 44. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716211413731
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBowes, A., Dawson, A., & Ashworth, R. ( 2020 ). Time for care: Exploring time use by carers of older people. Ageing and Society, 40 ( 8 ), 1735 – 1758. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X19000205
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBracke, P., Christiaens, W., & Wauterickx, N. ( 2008 ). The pivotal role of women in informal care. Journal of Family Issues, 29 ( 10 ), 1348 – 1378. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X08316115
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBrown, S. L., & Booth, A. ( 2002 ). Stress at home, peace at work: A test of the time bind hypothesis. Social Science Quarterly, 83 ( 4 ), 905 – 920. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-6237.00121
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBurch, K. A., Dugan, A. G., & Barnes-Farrell, J. L. ( 2019 ). Understanding what eldercare means for employees and organizations: A review and recommendations for future research. Work, Aging and Retirement, 5 ( 1 ), 44 – 72. https://doi.org/10.1093/workar/way011
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCheng, Z., Jepsen, D. M., & Wang, B. Z. ( 2020 ). A dynamic analysis of informal elder caregiving and employee well-being. Journal of Business and Psychology, 35 ( 1 ), 85 – 98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-018-9603-4
dc.identifier.citedreferenceChenu, A., & Lesnard, L. ( 2006 ). Time use surveys: A review of their aims, methods, and results. European Journal of Sociology, 47 ( 3 ), 335 – 359. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003975606000117
dc.identifier.citedreferenceClancy, R. L., Fisher, G. G., Daigle, K. L., Henle, C. A., McCarthy, J., & Fruhauf, C. A. ( 2020 ). Eldercare and work among informal caregivers: A multidisciplinary review and recommendations for future research. Journal of Business and Psychology, 35 ( 1 ), 9 – 27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-018-9612-3
dc.identifier.citedreferenceClawson, D., & Gerstel, N. ( 2014 ). Unequal time: Gender, class, and family in employment schedules. Russell Sage.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCoughlin, J. ( 2010 ). Estimating the impact of caregiving and employment on well-being. Outcomes & Insights in Health Management, 2 ( 1 ), 1 – 7 http://www.advancingstates.org/hcbs/article/estimating-impact-caregiving-and-employment-well-being
dc.identifier.citedreferenceDamaske, S., Smyth, J. M., & Zawadzki, M. J. ( 2014 ). Has work replaced home as a haven? Re-examining Arlie Hochschild’s Time Bind proposition with objective stress data. Social Science and Medicine, 115 ( August ), 130 – 138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.04.047
dc.identifier.citedreferenceDukhovnov, D., & Zagheni, E. ( 2015 ). Who takes care of whom in the United States? Evidence from matrices of time transfer by age and sex. Population and Development Review, 41 ( 2 ), 183 – 206. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2015.00044.x
dc.identifier.citedreferenceFlood, S. M., Hill, R., & Genadek, K. R. ( 2018 ). Daily temporal pathways: A latent class approach to time diary data. Social Indicators Research, 135 ( 1 ), 117 – 142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-016-1469-0
dc.identifier.citedreferenceFolbre, N. ( 2002 ). The invisible heart: Economics and family values. The New Press.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceFredriksen, K. I., & Scharlach, A. E. ( 1999 ). Employee family care responsibilities. Family Relations, 48 ( 2 ), 189. https://doi.org/10.2307/585083
dc.identifier.citedreferenceFreedman, V. A., & Cornman, J. C. ( 2019 ). National Study of caregiving (NSOC) III time diary supplement user guide (final release). www.nhats.org
dc.identifier.citedreferenceFreedman, V. A., Cornman, J. C., Carr, D., & Lucas, R. E. ( 2019 ). Time use and experienced well-being of older caregivers: A sequence analysis. Gerontologist, 59 ( 5 ), e441 – e450. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gny175
dc.identifier.citedreferenceFreedman, V. A., & Wolff, J. L. ( 2020 ). The changing landscape of family caregiving in the United States. In I. Sawhill & B. Stevenson (Eds.), Paid leave for caregiving. AEI/Brookings https://www.aei.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Paid-Leave-for-Caregiving.pdf
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGlauber, R., & Day, M. D. ( 2018 ). Gender, spousal caregiving, and depression: Does paid work matter? Journal of Marriage and Family, 80 ( 2 ), 537 – 554. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12446
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGoode, W. J. ( 1960 ). A theory of role strain. American Sociological Review, 25 ( 4 ), 483 – 496. https://doi.org/10.2307/2092933
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHaas, L., & Hwang, C. P. ( 2019 ). Policy is not enough–the influence of the gendered workplace on fathers’ use of parental leave in Sweden. Community, Work and Family, 22 ( 1 ), 58 – 76. https://doi.org/10.1080/13668803.2018.1495616
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHammersmith, A. M., & Lin, I. F. ( 2019 ). Evaluative and experienced well-being of caregivers of parents and caregivers of children. Journals of Gerontology - Series B Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 74 ( 2 ), 339 – 352. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbw065
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHansen, T., & Slagsvold, B. ( 2015 ). Feeling the squeeze? The effects of combining work and informal caregiving on psychological well-being. European Journal of Ageing, 12 ( 1 ), 51 – 60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-014-0315-y
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHe, W., Weingartner, R. M., & Sayer, L. C. ( 2018 ). Subjective well-being of eldercare providers: 2012-2013. Current Population Reports (Issue February). https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2018/demo/P23-215.pdf
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHeger, D., & Korfhage, T. ( 2020 ). Short- and medium-term effects of informal eldercare on labor market outcomes. Feminist Economics, 26 ( 4 ), 205 – 227. https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2020.1786594
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKahn, J. R., McGill, B. S., & Bianchi, S. M. ( 2011 ). Help to family and friends: Are there gender differences at older ages? Journal of Marriage and Family, 73 ( 1 ), 77 – 92. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00790.x
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKanter, R. M. ( 1993 ). Men and women of the corporation. Basic Books.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKasper, J. D., Freedman, V. A., & Spillman, B. ( 2013 ). Classification of persons by dementia status in the National Health and Aging Trends Study: Technical Paper #5. Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health. www.NHATS.org (Issue July). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00129-002-1155-y
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKolpashnikova, K., & Kan, M.-Y. ( 2020 ). Eldercare in Japan: Cluster analysis of daily time-use patterns of elder caregivers. Journal of Population Ageing, 14, 441 – 463. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12062-020-09313-3
dc.identifier.citedreferenceLam, J., & Garcia-Roman, J. ( 2017 ). General and proximal associations between unpaid eldercare, time constraints and subjective well-being. International Journal of Care and Caring, 1 ( 1 ), 83 – 96. https://doi.org/10.1332/239788217X14866303262183
dc.identifier.citedreferenceLee, J. A., Walker, M., & Shoup, R. ( 2001 ). Balancing elder care responsibilities and work: The impact on emotional health. Journal of Business and Psychology, 16 ( 2 ), 277 – 289. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011165318139
dc.identifier.citedreferenceLee, Y., Hofferth, S. L., Flood, S. M., & Fisher, K. ( 2016 ). Reliability, validity, and variability of the subjective well-being questions in the 2010 American Time Use Survey. Social Indicators Research, 126 ( 3 ), 1355 – 1373. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-015-0923-8
dc.identifier.citedreferenceLee, Y., & Tang, F. ( 2015 ). More caregiving, less working: Caregiving roles and gender difference. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 34 ( 4 ), 465 – 483. https://doi.org/10.1177/0733464813508649
dc.identifier.citedreferenceLesnard, L. ( 2006 ). Optional matching and social sciences. Human and Social Sciences. Preprint. https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00008122/
dc.identifier.citedreferenceLesnard, L., & Kan, M. Y. ( 2011 ). Investigating scheduling of work: A two-stage optimal matching analysis of workdays and workweeks. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society), 174 ( 2 ), 349 – 368. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23014403
dc.identifier.citedreferenceLilly, M. B., Laporte, A., & Coyte, P. C. ( 2007 ). Labor market work and home care’s unpaid caregivers: A systematic review of labor force participation rates, predictors of labor market withdrawal, and hours of work. Milbank Quarterly, 85 ( 4 ), 641 – 690. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0009.2007.00504.x
dc.identifier.citedreferenceLopez-Anuarbe, M., & Kohli, P. ( 2019 ). Understanding male caregivers’ emotional, financial, and physical burden in the United States. Healthcare, 7 ( 2 ), 72. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare7020072
dc.identifier.citedreferenceLucas, R. E., Freedman, V. A., & Carr, D. ( 2019 ). Measuring experiential well-being among older adults. Journal of Positive Psychology, 14 ( 4 ), 538 – 547. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2018.1497686
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMarks, S. R. ( 1977 ). Multiple roles and role strain: Some notes on human energy, time and commitment. American Sociological Review, 42 ( 6 ), 921 – 936. https://doi.org/10.2307/2094577
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMcDonnell, C., Luke, N., & Short, S. E. ( 2019 ). Happy moms, happier dads: Gendered caregiving and parents’ affect. Journal of Family Issues, 40 ( 17 ), 2553 – 2581. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X19860179
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMudrazija, S. ( 2019 ). Work-related opportunity costs of providing unpaid family care in 2013 and 2050. Health Affairs, 38 ( 6 ), 1003 – 1010. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2019.00008
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMui, A. C. ( 1995 ). Multidimensional predictors of caregiver strain among older persons caring for frail spouses. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 57 ( 3 ), 733 – 740. https://doi.org/10.2307/353927
dc.identifier.citedreferenceNational Research Council. ( 2013 ). In A. A. Stone & C. Mackie (Eds.), Subjective well-being: Measuring happiness, suffering, and other dimensions of experience. The National Academies Press.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceOphir, A., & Polos, J. ( 2021 ). Care life expectancy: Gender and unpaid work in the context of population aging. Population Research and Policy Review, 41, 197 – 227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11113-021-09640-z
dc.working.doiNOen
dc.owningcollnameInterdisciplinary and Peer-Reviewed


Files in this item

Show simple item record

Remediation of Harmful Language

The University of Michigan Library aims to describe library materials in a way that respects the people and communities who create, use, and are represented in our collections. Report harmful or offensive language in catalog records, finding aids, or elsewhere in our collections anonymously through our metadata feedback form. More information at Remediation of Harmful Language.

Accessibility

If you are unable to use this file in its current format, please select the Contact Us link and we can modify it to make it more accessible to you.