Biogeographic barriers and historic climate shape the phylogeography and demography of the common gartersnake

Abstract

AimCurrent distributions of widespread North American (NA) species have been shaped by Pleistocene glacial cycles, latitudinal temperature gradients, sharp longitudinal habitat transitions and the vicariant effects of major mountain and river systems that subdivide the continent. Within these transcontinental species, genetic diversity patterns might not conform to established biogeographic breaks compared to more spatially restricted taxa due to intrinsic differences or spatiotemporal differences. In this study, we highlight the effects of these extrinsic variables on genetic structuring by investigating the phylogeographic history of a widespread generalist squamate found throughout NA.LocationNorth America.TaxonCommon gartersnake, Thamnophis sirtalis.MethodsWe evaluate the effects of major river basins and the forest-grassland transition into the Interior Plains on genetic structure patterns using phylogenetic, spatially informed population structure and demographic analyses of single nucleotide polymorphism data and address range expansion history with ecological niche modelling using locality and historic climate data.ResultsWe identify four phylogeographic lineages with varying degrees of connectivity between them. We find discordant population structure patterns between sex-linked and autosomal loci with respect to the relationship between the central NA lineage relative to coastal lineages. We find support for southeast Pleistocene refugia where recent secondary contact occurred during the Last Glacial Maximum and evidence for both northern and southern refugia in western NA.Main ConclusionOur results provide strong evidence for a Pliocene origin for T. sirtalis in central-southeastern NA preceding its rapid expansion across the continent prior to middle Pleistocene climate-mediated lineage formation. We implicate major riverine networks within the Mississippi watershed in likely repeated westward expansion events across the Interior Plains. Finally, we corroborate prior conclusions that phenotypic differences between subspecies do not reflect shared evolutionary history and note that the degree of separation between inferred lineages warrants further investigation before any taxonomic revisions are proposed.