Re-establishing the Ecological Integrity of Mediterranean Islands: A Sustainable Initiative for Island Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation

Abstract

Islands represent critical reservoirs of biodiversity and cultural heritage but are increasingly threatened by the combined pressures of climate change, invasive species, habitat degradation, and overexploitation. This thesis explores the potential for island restoration through a two-part structure comprising a white paper and a case study, with a particular focus on the Mediterranean Basin — one of the world’s biodiversity hotspots. The white paper provides a global-to-regional overview of ecological and socio-economic challenges facing islands in the Anthropocene, highlighting the disproportionate vulnerability of island ecosystems while focusing on restoration solutions. Emphasis is placed on the impacts of invasive species, and the importance of integrating indigenous knowledge with scientific restoration methods. Strategies for invasive species eradication, seabird colony restoration, and the application of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to guide conservation planning are outlined as key tools in ecological recovery in a Mediterranean Basin context. The second part presents a case study based on fieldwork conducted on nine uninhabited islets near Astypalea in the Cycladic Islands of Greece. This study aimed to establish an ecological baseline, assess the extent of degradation caused by overgrazing, and engage local communities in conservation efforts. Through systematic quantification of various ecosystem aspects including vegetation and soil surveys, insect biomass sampling, and population assessments of vertebrates (e.g. invasive livestock, seabirds, and lizards), the research documents the current ecological conditions and provides actionable insights for future restoration. GIS analysis supported spatial decision-making and long-term monitoring design. The findings contribute to the development of regionally relevant best practices for island restoration, combining science, policy, and public engagement to support a sustainable and resilient future for Mediterranean island ecosystems.