Doppler evaluation of femoral arteries in children after aortic balloon valvuloplasty or coarctation balloon angioplasty

Abstract

To assess long-term femoral artery complications after aortic balloon valvuloplasty or coarctation balloon angioplasty, we examined 19 children who were 3 weeks to 21 years old (mean 7.6 years) at the time of catheterization. Two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiographic examinations of the common, superficial, and deep femoral arteries were performed at an average of 2.0 years after balloon dilatation. Pulsatility index (PI) was calculated as the maximum velocity minus the minimum velocity divided by the mean velocity. No patient was suspected clinically of having peripheral arterial disease prior to the echocardiographic examination. Fourteen patients had normal femoral arteries. Of these, 10 had normal two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiographic examinations of both femoral arteries. These patients had triphasic flow patterns (forward in systole, reverse in early diastole, forward in middiastole) and Pls of 3.7–41.6 (mean 9.5). Four of the 14 normal patients had abnormal pulsed Doppler examinations showing continuous forward flow and low Pls (1.7–3.5) reflecting residual coarctation (10–30 mmHg gradients). Five patients had abnormal femoral arteries. Of these, two had no visible obstruction by two-dimensional echocardiography and color-flow imaging but had abnormal pulsed Doppler patterns (continuous forward flow and low Pls of 2.5 and 2.9) only on the side of the balloon catheter insertion. Three of the five abnormal patients had visible obstructions by two-dimensional echocardiography and color-flow imaging and had abnormal pulsed Doppler patterns (continuous forward flow and low Pls from 1.1–3.6). One of these three had bilateral occlusions of the common femoral arteries with multiple collateral vessels; the second had occlusion of the right common femoral artery; and the third had 1–2-cm long severely narrowed segments in both common femoral arteries. All three children were <1 year old at the time of catheterization and had balloon catheter insertions in the affected arteries.