Patronage or Participation? Community-based Natural Resource Management Reform in Sub-Saharan Africa
dc.contributor.author | Nelson, Frederick | en_US |
dc.contributor.author | Agrawal, Arun | en_US |
dc.date.accessioned | 2010-04-01T14:56:16Z | |
dc.date.available | 2010-04-01T14:56:16Z | |
dc.date.issued | 2008-07 | en_US |
dc.identifier.citation | Nelson, Fred; Agrawal, Arun (2008). "Patronage or Participation? Community-based Natural Resource Management Reform in Sub-Saharan Africa." Development and Change 39(4): 557-585. <http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/65395> | en_US |
dc.identifier.issn | 0012-155X | en_US |
dc.identifier.issn | 1467-7660 | en_US |
dc.identifier.uri | https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/65395 | |
dc.description.abstract | This article examines the institutional factors that account for the outcome of efforts to decentralize control over natural resources to local communities. It focuses on the political nature of institutional processes associated with decentralization in sub-Saharan Africa through a comparative analysis of wildlife management reforms in seven east and southern African countries. Institutional reforms are largely dependent on state authorities' patronage interests, which in turn are shaped by the relative economic value of wildlife, the degree of central control over commercial utilization, and the accountability of governance institutions. Our findings have a range of practical implications for the design of CBNRM initiatives and institutional reform strategies. | en_US |
dc.format.extent | 179694 bytes | |
dc.format.extent | 3110 bytes | |
dc.format.mimetype | application/pdf | |
dc.format.mimetype | text/plain | |
dc.publisher | Blackwell Publishing Ltd | en_US |
dc.rights | © 2008 Institute of Social Studies | en_US |
dc.title | Patronage or Participation? Community-based Natural Resource Management Reform in Sub-Saharan Africa | en_US |
dc.type | Article | en_US |
dc.rights.robots | IndexNoFollow | en_US |
dc.subject.hlbsecondlevel | Economics | en_US |
dc.subject.hlbtoplevel | Business | en_US |
dc.description.peerreviewed | Peer Reviewed | en_US |
dc.contributor.affiliationum | teaches and carries out research as a Professor of Environmental Studies at the University of Michigan's School of Natural Resources and Environment, Dana Building, 440 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1041, USA. He has published on environmental governance of pasturelands, forests, and wildlife, with a focus on livelihoods, biodiversity, and climate change. His work has appeared earlier in Conservation Biology, Development and Change, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Science, and World Development . | en_US |
dc.contributor.affiliationother | has worked on a range of field projects and policy processes related to community-based natural resource management, primarily in Tanzania, since 1998. He is currently the director of Maliasili Initiatives, PO Box 8372, Arusha, Tanzania; e-mail: fnelson@habari.co.tz . | en_US |
dc.description.bitstreamurl | http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/65395/1/j.1467-7660.2008.00496.x.pdf | |
dc.identifier.doi | 10.1111/j.1467-7660.2008.00496.x | en_US |
dc.identifier.source | Development and Change | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Agrawal, A., A. Chhatre and R. Hardin ( 2008 ) ‘ Changing Governance of the World's Forests ’, Science 320 ( 5882 ): 1460 – 2. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Agrawal, A. and E. Ostrom ( 2001 ) ‘ Collective Action, Property Rights, and Decentralization in Resource Use in India and Nepal ’, Politics and Society 29 ( 4 ): 485 – 514. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Agrawal, A. and J.C. Ribot ( 1999 ) ‘ Accountability in Decentralization: A Framework with South Asian and West African Cases’, The Journal of Developing Areas 33 : 473 – 502. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Alexander J. and J. McGregor ( 2000 ) ‘ Wildlife and Politics: CAMPFIRE in Zimbabwe ’, Development and Change 31 ( 3 ): 605 – 27. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Anstey, S. ( 2001 ) ‘ Necessarily Vague: The Political Economy of Community Conservation in Mozambique ’, in D. Hulme and M. Murphree ( eds ) African Wildlife & Livelihoods: The Promise and Performance of Community Conservation, pp. 74 – 87. Oxford : James Currey Ltd. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Anstey, S. ( 2005 ) ‘ Governance, Natural Resources and Complex Adaptive Systems: A CBNRM Study of Communities and Resources in Northern Mozambique ’, in V. Dzingirai and C. Breen ( eds ) Confronting the Crisis in Community Conservation: Case Studies from Southern Africa, pp. 138 – 93 Pietermaritzburg : University of KwaZulu-Natal. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Baldus, R.D. and A.E. Cauldwell ( 2004 ) ‘ Tourist Hunting and its Role in Development of Wildlife Management Areas in Tanzania ’. Proceedings of the Sixth International Game Ranching Symposium, Paris (6–9 July). Paris: International foundation for the conservation of wildlife | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Baldus, R., B. Kibonde and L. Siege ( 2003 ) ‘ Seeking Conservation Partnerships in the Selous Game Reserve, Tanzania ’, Parks 13 ( 1 ): 50 – 61. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Blanc, J.J., R.F.W. Barnes, G.C. Craig, H.T. Dublin, C.R. Thouless, I. Douglas-Hamilton and J.A. Hart ( 2007 ) African Elephant Status Report 2007: An Update from the African Elephant Database. Gland : IUCN. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Barnes, J.I. and J.L.V. de Jager ( 1995 ) ‘ Economic and Financial Incentives for Wildlife Use on Private Land in Namibia and the Implications for Policy ’. Research Discussion Paper No 8. Windhoek : Ministry of Environment and Tourism. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Barnett, R. and C. Patterson ( 2006 ) Sport Hunting in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) Region: An Overview. Johannesburg : TRAFFIC East/Southern Africa. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Barrow, E., H. Gichohi and M. Infield ( 2000 ) Rhetoric or Reality? A Review of Community Conservation Policy and Practice in East Africa. Evaluating Eden Series No 5. London and Nairobi : International Institute for Environment and Development and the World Conservation Union (IUCN). | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Baskin, Y. ( 1994 ) ‘ There's a New Wildlife Policy in Kenya: Use It or Lose It ’, Science 265 : 733 – 4. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Batterbury, S.P.J. and J.L. Fernando ( 2006 ) ‘ Rescaling Governance and the Impacts of Political and Environmental Decentralization: An Introduction ’, World Development 34 ( 11 ): 1851 – 63. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Blaikie, P. ( 2006 ) ‘ Is Small Really Beautiful? Community-Based Natural Resource Management in Malawi and Botswana ’, World Development 34 ( 11 ): 1942 – 57. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Bond, I. ( 1993 ) ‘ The Economics of Wildlife and Land Use in Zimbabwe: An Examination of Current Knowledge and Issues ’. Multispecies Animal Production Systems Project, Project Paper No 36. Harare : World Wide Fund for Nature. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Boone, C. ( 2003 ) Political Topographies of the African State: Territorial Authority and Institutional Choice. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Brockington, D. ( 2006 ) ‘ The Politics and Ethnography of Environmentalisms in Tanzania ’, African Affairs 105 : 97 – 116. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Brosius, J.P., A.L. Tsing, and C. Zerner ( 2005 ) Communities and Conservation: Histories and Politics of Community-Based Natural Resource Management. Walnut Creek, CA : Altamira Press. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Bwalya, S.M. ( 2003 ) ‘ Understanding Community-Based Wildlife Governance in Southern Africa: A Case Study from Zambia ’, AJEAM-RAGEE 7 : 41 – 60. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Cassidy, L. ( 2000 ) ‘ CBNRM and Legal Rights to Resources in Botswana ’. CBNRM Support Programme Occasional Paper No 4. Gabarone : IUCN. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Chabal, P. and J.P. Daloz ( 1999 ) Africa Works: Disorder as Political Instrument. Oxford : James Currey Ltd. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Child, B. and B. Dalal-Clayton ( 2004 ) ‘ Transforming Approaches to CBNRM: Learning from the Luangwa Experience in Zambia ’, in T.O. McShane and M.P. Wells ( eds ) Getting Biodiversity Projects to Work: Towards more Effective Conservation and Development, pp. 256 – 89. New York : Columbia University Press. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Devarajan, S., D.R. Dollar and T. Holmgren ( eds ) ( 2001 ) Aid and Reform in Africa. Washington, DC : The World Bank. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Development Services and Initiatives (DSI) ( 2004 ) ‘A Financial and Economic Analysis of the Costs and Benefits of Managing the Protected Area Estate’. UNDP/GEF Funded Project on Reclassification and Sustainable Management of Zambia's Protected Area Systems. Lusaka: Ministry of Tourism, Environment and Natural Resources. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Dzingirai, V. ( 2003 ) ‘ The New Scramble for the African Countryside ’, Development and Change 34 ( 2 ): 243 – 63. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | ECA ( 2005 ) African Governance Report 2005. Addis Ababa : Economic Commission for Africa. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Fabricius, C., E. Koch, H. Magome and S. Turner ( 2004 ) Rights, Resources, & Rural Development: Community-based Natural Resource Management in Southern Africa. London : Earthscan. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Ferguson, J. ( 1994 ) The Anti-politics Machine: ‘Development', Depoliticization, and Bureaucracy in Lesotho. Minneapolis, MN : University of Minnesota Press. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Gibson, C.C. ( 1999 ) Politicians and Poachers: The Political Economy of Wildlife Policy in Africa. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Gibson, C.C., K. Andersson, E. Ostrom and S. Shivakumar ( 2005 ) The Samaritan's Dilemma: The Political Economy of Development Aid. Oxford : Oxford University Press. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Gibson, C. and S. Marks ( 1995 ) ‘ Transforming Rural Hunters into Conservationists: An Assessment of Community-Based Wildlife Management Programs in Africa ’, World Development 23 ( 6 ): 941 – 57. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Goldman, M. ( 2003 ) ‘ Partitioned Nature, Privileged Knowledge: Community-Based Conservation in Tanzania ’, Development and Change 34 ( 5 ): 833 – 62. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Good, K. ( 1992 ) ‘ Interpreting the Exceptionality of Botswana ’, The Journal of Modern African Studies 30 ( 1 ): 69 – 95. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Good, K. ( 2003 ) ‘Bushmen and Diamonds: (Un)Civil Society in Botswana’. Discussion Paper 23. Uppsala : Nordiska Afrikainstitutet. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Hill, K.A. ( 1996 ) ‘ Zimbabwe's Wildlife Utilization Programs: Grassroots Democracy or an Extension of State Power ’, African Studies Review 39 ( 1 ): 103 – 21. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Hulme, D. and M. Murphree ( 2001 ) African Wildlife & Livelihoods: The Promise and Performance of Community Conservation. Oxford : James Currey Ltd. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Hutton, J., W.M. Adams and J.C. Murombedzi ( 2005 ) ‘ Back to the Barriers? Changing Narratives in Biodiversity Conservation ’, Forum for Development Studies 2 : 341 – 70. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Hyden, G. ( 1980 ) Beyond Ujamaa in Tanzania: Underdevelopment and an Uncaptured Peasantry. London : Heinemann Educational. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Igoe, J. ( 2004 ) Conservation and Globalization: A Study of National Parks and Indigenous Communities from East Africa to South Dakota. Belmont, CA : Wadsworth/Thomson Learning. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Igoe, J. and B. Croucher ( 2007 ) ‘ Conservation, Commerce, and Communities: The Story of Community-based Wildlife Management in Tanzania's Northern Tourist Circuit ’, Conservation and Society 5 ( 4 ): 534 – 61. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Jones, B.T.B. ( 2004 ) ‘ Synthesis of the Current Status of CBNRM Policy and Legislation in Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Zambia, and Zimbabwe ’. Report prepared for WWF SARPO. Harare : WWF. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Jones, B. and M. Murphree ( 2001 ) ‘ The Evolution of Policy on Community Conservation in Namibia and Zimbabwe ’, in D. Hulme and M. Murphree ( eds ) African Wildlife & Livelihoods: The Promise and Performance of Community Conservation, pp. 38 – 58. Oxford : James Currey Ltd. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Jones, B.T.B. and M.W. Murphree ( 2004 ) ‘ Community-Based Natural Resource Management as a Conservation Mechanism: Lessons and Directions ’, in B. Child ( ed.) Parks in Transition: Biodiversity, Rural Development, and the Bottom Line, pp. 63 – 103. London : Earthscan. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Kaufmann, D., A. Kraay and M. Mastruzzi ( 2006 ) ‘ Governance Matters V: Governance Indicators for 1996–2005 ’. Washington, DC : The World Bank. http://www.worldbank.org/wbi/governance/govmatters5 ( accessed 7 December 2006 ). | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Kelsall, T. ( 2002 ) ‘ Shop Windows and Smoke-filled Rooms: Governance and the Re-politicisation of Tanzania ’, Journal of Modern African Studies 40 ( 4 ): 597 – 619. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Kull, C.A. ( 2002 ) ‘ Empowering Pyromaniacs in Madagascar: Ideology and Legitimacy in Community-Based Natural Resource Management ’, Development and Change 33 ( 1 ): 57 – 78. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Lewis, D.M. and P. Alpert ( 1997 ) ‘ Trophy Hunting and Wildlife Conservation in Zambia ’, Conservation Biology 11 : 59 – 68. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Lindsey, P.A., P.A. Roulet and S.S. RomaÑach ( 2007 ) ‘ Economic and Conservation Significance of the Trophy Hunting Industry in Sub-Saharan Africa ’, Biological Conservation 134 : 455 – 69. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Madzudzo, E., J. HaBarad and F. Matose ( 2006 ) ‘ Outcomes of Community Engagement in Community-based Natural Resource Management Programmes ’. Policy Brief No 22. Cape Town : Programme for Land and Agrarian Studies, University of Western Cape. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Marks, S.A. ( 2001 ) ‘ Back to the Future: Some Unintended Consequences of Zambia's Community-Based Wildlife Program (ADMADE) ’, Africa Today 48 ( 1 ): 121 – 41. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism (MNRT) ( 1998 ) The Wildlife Policy of Tanzania. Dar es Salaam : Government Printer. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism (MRNT) ( 2002 ) The Wildlife Conservation (Wildlife Management Areas) Regulations. Dar es Salaam : Government Printer. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Murombedzi, J.C. ( 1999 ) ‘ Devolution and Stewardship in Zimbabwe's CAMPFIRE Programme ’, Journal of International Development 11 : 287 – 93. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Murphree, M.W. ( 2004 ) ‘ Communal Approaches to Natural Resource Management in Africa: From Whence and to Where? ’, Journal of International Wildlife Law and Policy 7 : 203 – 16. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Murphree, M.W. ( 2005 ) ‘ Congruent Objectives, Competing Interests, and Strategic Compromise: Concept and Process in the Evolution of Zimbabwe's CAMPFIRE, 1984–1996 ’, in J.P. Brosius, A.L. Tsing and C. Zerner ( eds ) Communities and Conservation: Histories and Politics of Community-based Natural Resource Management, pp. 105 – 47. Walnut Creek, CA : AltaMira Press. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Namibian Association of CBNRM Support Organizations (NACSO) ( 2004 ) Namibia's Communal Conservancies: A Review of Progress and Challenges. Windhoek : NACSO. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Nelson, F., R. Nshala, and W.A. Rodgers ( 2007 ) ‘ The Evolution and Reform of Tanzanian Wildlife Management ’, Conservation and Society 5 ( 3 ): 232 – 61. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Neumann R.P. ( 1997 ) ‘ Primitive Ideas: Protected Area Buffer Zones and the Politics of Land in Africa ’, Development and Change 28 ( 3 ): 559 – 82. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Neumann, R.P. ( 1998 ) Imposing Wilderness: Struggles over Livelihoods and Nature Preservation in Africa. Berkeley, CA : University of California Press. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Nhantumbo, I., S. Norfolk and J. Pereira ( 2003 ) ‘ Community Based Natural Resources Management in Mozambique: A Theoretical or Practical Strategy for Local Sustainable Development? The Case Study of Derre Forest Reserve ’. Sustainable Livelihoods in Southern Africa Research Paper No 10. Brighton : Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Norfolk, S. and C. Tanner ( 2007 ) ‘ Improving Tenure Security for the Rural Poor. Mozambique- Country Case Study ’. Legal Empowerment of the Poor Working Paper No 5. Rome : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Norton-Griffiths, M. ( 2007 ) ‘ How Many Wildebeest do You Need? ’, World Economics 8 : 41 – 64. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Nshala, R. ( 1999 ) ‘ Granting Hunting Blocks in Tanzania: The Need for Reform ’. Policy Brief No 5. Dar es Salaam : Lawyers' Environmental Action Team. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Olowu, D. ( 2003 ) ‘ Local Institutional and Political Structures and Processes: Recent Experience in Africa ’, Public Administration and Development 23 : 41 – 52. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Ostrom, E. ( 1990 ) Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Overton, G. ( 1998 ) ‘ The Good, the Bad and the Ugly ’, Swara 20 ( 6 ): 22 – 4. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Ribot, J.C. ( 2004 ) Waiting for Democracy: The Politics of Choice in Natural Resource Decentralization. Washington, DC : World Resources Institute. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Ribot, J.C., A. Agrawal and A.M. Larson ( 2006 ) ‘ Recentralizing while Decentralizing: How National Governments Reappropriate Forest Resources ’, World Development 34 ( 11 ): 1864 – 86. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Rihoy, E.C., C. Chirozva, and S. Anstey ( 2007 ) ‘ “People are not Happy”: Speaking up for Adaptive Natural Resource Governance in Mahenye ’. Occasional Paper No 31. Cape Town : Programme for Land and Agrarian Studies, University of Western Cape. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Rihoy, E.C. and B. Maguranyanga ( 2007 ) ‘ Devolution and Democratisation of Natural Resource Management in Southern Africa: A Comparative Analysis of CBNRM Policy Processes in Botswana and Zimbabwe ’. CASS-PLAAS CBNRM Occasional Paper No 18. Cape Town : Programme for Land and Agrarian Studies, University of Western Cape. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Schlager, E. and E. Ostrom ( 1992 ) ‘ Property Rights Regimes and Natural Resources: A Conceptual Analysis ’, Land Economics 68 ( 3 ): 249 – 62. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Scott, J.C. ( 1985 ) Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance. New Haven, CT : Yale University Press. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Shackleton, S., B. Campbell, E. Wollenberg and D. Edmunds ( 2002 ) ‘ Devolution and Community-Based Natural Resource Management: Creating Space for Local People to Participate and Benefit? ’. Natural Resource Perspectives No 76. London : Overseas Development Institute. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Songorwa, A.N. ( 1999 ) ‘ Community-Based Wildlife Management (CBWM) in Tanzania: Are the Communities Interested? ’, World Development 27 ( 12 ): 2061 – 79. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Stoner, C., T. Caro, S. Mduma, C. Mlingwa, G. Sabuni, M. Borner and C. Schelten ( 2007 ) ‘ Changes in Large Herbivore Populations across Large Areas of Tanzania ’, African Journal of Ecology 45 : 202 – 15. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Sundet, G. ( 1997 ) ‘ The Politics of Land in Tanzania ’. PhD Thesis, University of Oxford. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Sunseri, T. ( 2005 ) ‘ “Something Else to Burn”: Forest Squatters, Conservationists, and the State in Modern Tanzania ’, Journal of Modern African Studies 43 : 609 – 40. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Sullivan, S. ( 2003 ) ‘ Protest, Conflict and Litigation: Dissent or Libel in Resistance to a Conservancy in North-west Namibia ’, in E. Berglund and D.G. Anderson ( eds ) Ethnographies of Conservation: Environmentalism and the Distribution of Privilege, pp. 69 – 86. Oxford : Berghahn Press. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Swatuk, L.A. ( 2005 ) ‘ From “Project” to “Context”: Community Based Natural Resource Management in Botswana ’, Global Environmental Politics 5 ( 3 ): 95 – 124. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Transparency International ( 2006 ) ‘ Corruption Perceptions Index 2006 ’. http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2006 ( accessed 8 December 2006 ). | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | United Republic of Tanzania (URT) ( 2005 ) ‘ State of the Public Service Report 2004 ’. President's Office, Public Service Management, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Virtanen, P. ( 2005 ) ‘ Community-Based Natural Resource Management in Mozambique: A Critical Review of the Concept's Applicability at Local Level ’, Sustainable Development 13 : 1 – 12. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | van de Walle, N. ( 2001 ) African Economies and the Politics of Permanent Crisis, 1979–1999. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Wildlife Sector Review Task Force (WSRTF) ( 1995 ) A Review of the Wildlife Sector in Tanzania. Volume 1: Assessment of the Current Situation. Dar es Salaam : Ministry of Tourism, Natural Resources and Environment. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | The World Bank ( 2006 ) 2006 World Development Indicators. Washington, DC : The World Bank. | en_US |
dc.owningcollname | Interdisciplinary and Peer-Reviewed |
Files in this item
Remediation of Harmful Language
The University of Michigan Library aims to describe library materials in a way that respects the people and communities who create, use, and are represented in our collections. Report harmful or offensive language in catalog records, finding aids, or elsewhere in our collections anonymously through our metadata feedback form. More information at Remediation of Harmful Language.
Accessibility
If you are unable to use this file in its current format, please select the Contact Us link and we can modify it to make it more accessible to you.