Automobile rear signal lamps: Effect of realistic levels of dirt on light output
dc.contributor.author | Sivak, Michael | en_US |
dc.contributor.author | Flannagan, Michael J. | en_US |
dc.contributor.author | Traube, Eric C. | en_US |
dc.contributor.author | Kojima, Shinichi | en_US |
dc.date.accessioned | 2010-04-14T13:36:40Z | |
dc.date.available | 2010-04-14T13:36:40Z | |
dc.date.issued | 1998 | en_US |
dc.identifier.citation | Sivak, M.; Flannagan, M.J.; Traube, E.C.; Kojima, S. (1998). "Automobile rear signal lamps: Effect of realistic levels of dirt on light output." Lighting Research & Technology 1(30): 24-28. <http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/68399> | en_US |
dc.identifier.issn | 1477-1535 | en_US |
dc.identifier.uri | https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/68399 | |
dc.description.abstract | This study evaluated changes in the light output of rear signal lamps as a function of dirt accumulated during a 482 km drive, representing ten days' driving for a typical United States driver. The complete route was traversed on three separate occasions, under each of the following environmental conditions: dry, wet, and snowy/salty. Luminous intensity measurements were obtained for all US and European test points. Photometry for each of two stop lamps was performed twice after the completion of each drive: first 'as is' and then after cleaning. The results indicate that dirt deposits tended to cause the light output to decrease at the points tested. The reductions after the dry drive were all less than 8%. However, after the wet and snowy/salty drives reductions of more than 25% occurred at several test points, with a maximum reduction of 37%. The test percentage reductions occurred for the points at and near the optical axes of the lamps, which had the highest original intensities, and at which maintaining adequate intensity is presumably most important. A theoretical analysis of the changes caused by dirt indicates that this is the pattern of results that wild usually occur. A full evaluation of the significance of the effects of dirt that are quantified in this paper should be done in the context of other factors that affect signal-lamp intensity, such as vehicle voltage control and lamp design. It may also be important to measure more fully the range and distributions of dirt conditions in the real world. However, the present results demonstrate that, within the range of common weather conditions, dirt can cause reductions of signal-lamp intensity that are large enough to be of concern, especially for the relatively important positions at and near the optical axes of signal lamps. | en_US |
dc.format.extent | 3108 bytes | |
dc.format.extent | 789516 bytes | |
dc.format.mimetype | text/plain | |
dc.format.mimetype | application/pdf | |
dc.publisher | SAGE Publications | en_US |
dc.title | Automobile rear signal lamps: Effect of realistic levels of dirt on light output | en_US |
dc.type | Article | en_US |
dc.subject.hlbtoplevel | Engineering | en_US |
dc.description.peerreviewed | Peer Reviewed | en_US |
dc.contributor.affiliationum | The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, 2901 Baxter Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2150, USA | en_US |
dc.contributor.affiliationum | The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, 2901 Baxter Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2150, USA | en_US |
dc.contributor.affiliationum | The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, 2901 Baxter Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2150, USA | en_US |
dc.contributor.affiliationum | The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, 2901 Baxter Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2150, USA | en_US |
dc.description.bitstreamurl | http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/68399/2/10.1177_096032719803000104.pdf | |
dc.identifier.doi | 10.1177/096032719803000104 | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Sivak M., Flannagan, M.J., Traube E.C., Kojima S. and Aoki M. Low-beam headlamps: Effects of realistic levels of dirt on light output Lighting Res. Technol. 29(1) 15-22 (1997) | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Mortimer R.G., Moore C.W., Jorgeson C.M. and Thomas J.K. Passenger car and truck signaling and marking research: I. Regulations, intensity requirements and color filter characteristics Report HSRI-HF-73-18 (Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan, Highway Safety Research Institute) (1973) | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Schmidt-Clausen HJ Optimum luminances and areas of rear-position lamps and stop lamps Proc. 10th Int. Conf. Experimental Safety Vehicles pp220-224 (Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration) (1986) | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Sivak M., Flannagan M.J., Olson P.L., Bender M. and Conn L.S. Evaluation of brake-lamp photometric requirements Report UMTRI-86-28 (Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute) (1986) | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Motor Industry Research Association A study of the effectiveness of rear lighting arrangements for cars Contractor Report 92 (Crowthorne, England: Transport and Road Research Laboratory) (1988) | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Sayer J.R., Flannagan M.J. and Sivak M. Effects of intensity, area, and aspect ratio on reaction time to stop lamps Report UMTRI-95-10 (Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute) (1995) | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Huey R., Dekker D. and Lyons R. Driver perception of just-noticeable differences of automotive signal lamp intensities Report DOT HS 808 209 (Washington, DC : National Highway Traffic Safety Administration) (1994) | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Office of the Federal Register FMVSS (Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard) 108 (Lamps, reflective devices, and associated equipement) 49 Code of federal regulations Part 571.108 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office) (1996) | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Cobb J. Roadside Survey of Vehicle Lighting 1989 Research Report 290 (Crowthorne, UK: Transport and Road Research Laboratory) (1989) | en_US |
dc.owningcollname | Interdisciplinary and Peer-Reviewed |
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