View Item 

Show simple item record

Modifiable Risk and Protective Factors for Depressive Symptoms in Low-Income African American Mothers

dc.contributor.authorSiefert, Kristine A.en_US
dc.contributor.authorWilliams, David R.en_US
dc.contributor.authorFinlayson, Tracy L.en_US
dc.contributor.authorDelva, Jorgeen_US
dc.contributor.authorIsmail, Amid I.en_US
dc.date.accessioned2010-06-01T19:25:34Z
dc.date.available2010-06-01T19:25:34Z
dc.date.issued2007-01en_US
dc.identifier.citationSiefert, Kristine; Williams, David R.; Finlayson, Tracy L.; Delva, Jorge; Ismail, Amid I. (2007). "Modifiable Risk and Protective Factors for Depressive Symptoms in Low-Income African American Mothers." American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 77(1): 113-123. <http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/72567>en_US
dc.identifier.issn0002-9432en_US
dc.identifier.issn1939-0025en_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/72567
dc.identifier.urihttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&list_uids=17352592&dopt=citationen_US
dc.format.extent1117228 bytes
dc.format.extent3109 bytes
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdf
dc.format.mimetypetext/plain
dc.publisherBlackwell Publishing Ltden_US
dc.rights2007 American Orthopsychiatric Associationen_US
dc.subject.otherDepressionen_US
dc.subject.otherMothersen_US
dc.subject.otherAfrican Americanen_US
dc.subject.otherSocioeconomic Statusen_US
dc.subject.otherDiscriminationen_US
dc.titleModifiable Risk and Protective Factors for Depressive Symptoms in Low-Income African American Mothersen_US
dc.typeArticleen_US
dc.subject.hlbsecondlevelPsychiatryen_US
dc.subject.hlbtoplevelHealth Sciencesen_US
dc.description.peerreviewedPeer Revieweden_US
dc.contributor.affiliationumResearch Center on Poverty, Risk, and Mental Health, School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arboren_US
dc.contributor.affiliationumSchool of Social Work, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arboren_US
dc.contributor.affiliationumInstitute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor and School of Public Health, Harvard Universityen_US
dc.contributor.affiliationumSchool of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.en_US
dc.contributor.affiliationotherSchool of Public Health, University of California, Berkeleyen_US
dc.identifier.pmid17352592en_US
dc.description.bitstreamurlhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/72567/1/0002-9432.77.1.113.pdf
dc.identifier.doi10.1037/0002-9432.77.1.113en_US
dc.identifier.sourceAmerican Journal of Orthopsychiatryen_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceAlaimo, K., Briefel, R. R., Frongillo, E. A., & Olson, C. M. ( 1998 ). Food insufficiency in the United States: Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). American Journal of Public Health, 88, 419 – 426.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceAlpert, J. E., Mischoulon, D., Nierenberg, A. A., & Fava, M. ( 2000 ). Nutrition and depression: Focus on folate. Nutrition, 16, 544 – 581.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceAmerican Dietetic Association. ( 2002 ). Position of the American Dietetic Association: Domestic food and nutrition security. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 102, 1840 – 1847.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceAmerican Dietetic Association. ( 2006 ). Position of the American Dietetic Association: Food insecurity and hunger in the United States. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 106, 446 – 458.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBarr, D. A., & Wanat, S. F. ( 2005 ). Listening to patients: Cultural and linguistic barriers to health care access. Family Medicine, 37, 199 – 204.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBassuk, E. L., Browne, A., & Buckner, J. C. ( 1996 ). Single mothers and welfare. Scientific American, 275, 60 – 63.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBelle, D. ( 1990 ). Poverty and women's mental health. American Psychologist, 45, 385 – 389.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBelle, D., & Doucet, J. ( 2003 ). Poverty, inequality, and discrimination as sources of depression among U.S. women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 27, 101 – 113.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBlazer, D. G., Kessler, R. C., McGonagle, K. A., & Swartz, M. S. ( 1994 ). The prevalence and distribution of major depression in a national community sample: The National Comorbidity Survey. American Journal of Psychiatry, 121, 983 – 989.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBoyce, P., Harris, M., Silove, D., Morgan, A., Wilhelm, K., & Hadzi-Pavlovic, D. ( 1998 ). Psychosocial factors associated with depression: A study of socially disadvantaged women with young children. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 186, 3 – 11.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBradman, A., Chevrier, J., Tager, I., Lipsett, M., Sedgwick, J., Macher, J., et al. ( 2005 ). Association of housing disrepair indicators with cockroach and rodent infestations in a cohort of pregnant Latina women and their children. Environmental Health Perspectives, 113, 1795 – 1801.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBrown, C., Schulberg, H. C., & Madonia, M. J. ( 1996 ). Clinical presentations of major depression by African Americans and whites in primary medical care practice. Journal of Affective Disorders, 41, 181 – 191.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBrown, G. W. ( 2002 ). Social roles, context and evolution in the origins of depression. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 43, 255 – 276.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBrown, G. W., & Harris, T. O. ( 1978 ). Social origins of depression: A study of psychiatric disorder in women. London: Tavistock Publications.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBrown, G. W., & Moran, P. M. ( 1997 ). Single mothers, poverty and depression. Psychological Medicine, 27, 21 – 33.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBrown, T. N., Williams, D. R., Jackson, J. S., Neighbors, H. W., Torres, M., Sellers, S. L., et al. ( 2000 ). Being black and feeling blue: The mental health consequences of racial discrimination. Race & Society, 2, 117 – 131.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBruce, M. L., Takeuchi, D. T., & Leaf, P. J. ( 1991 ). Poverty and psychiatric status. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 470 – 474.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceChristofar, S. P., & Basiotis, P. P. ( 1992 ). Dietary intakes and selected characteristics of women ages 19–50 years and their children ages 1–5 years by reported perception of food sufficiency. Journal of Nutrition Education, 24, 53 – 58.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceChung, E. K., McCollum, K. F., Elo, I. T., Lee, H. J., & Culhane, J. F. ( 2004 ). Maternal depressive symptoms and infant health practices among low-income women. Pediatrics, 113, e523 – e539.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCivic, D. L., & Holt, V. L. ( 2000 ). Maternal depressive symptoms and child behavior problems in a nationally representative normal birth-weight sample. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 4, 215 – 221.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCoie, J. D., Watt, N. F., West, S. G., Hawkins, J. D., Asarnow, J. R., Markman, H. J., et al. ( 1993 ). The science of prevention: A conceptual framework and some directions for a national research program. American Psychologist, 48, 1013 – 1022.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCook, J. A., Cohen, M. H., Burke, J., Grey, D., Anastos, K., Kirstein, L., et al. ( 2002 ). Effects of depressive symptoms and mental health quality of life on use of highly active antiretroviral therapy among HIV-seropositive women. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 30, 401 – 409.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCooper, L. A., Gonzales, J. J., Gallo, J. J., Rost, K. M., Meredith, L. S., Rubenstein, L. V., et al. ( 2003 ). The acceptability of treatment for depression among African-American, Hispanic, and White primary care patients. Medical Care, 41, 479 – 489.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCulbertson, M. ( 1997 ). Depression and gender: An international review. American Psychologist, 52, 25 – 31.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceDixon, L. B., Winkleby, M. A., & Radimer, K. L. ( 2001 ). Dietary intakes and serum nutrients differ between adults from food-insufficient and food-sufficient families: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994. Journal of Nutrition, 131, 1232 – 1246.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceEnnis, N. E., Hobfoll, S. E., & Schroder, K. E. E. ( 2000 ). Money doesn't talk, it swears: How economic stress and resistance resources impact inner-city women's depressive mood. American Journal of Community Psychology, 28, 149 – 173.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceEssed, P. ( 1990 ). Everyday racism: Reports from women of two cultures. Alameda, CA: Hunter House.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceEssed, P. ( 1991 ). Understanding everyday racism: An interdisciplinary theory. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceField, T. ( 1998 ). Maternal depression effects on infants and early interventions. Preventive Medicine, 27, 200 – 203.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGee, G. C., Chen, J., Spencer, M. S., See, S., Kuester, O. A., Tran, D., et al. ( 2006 ). Social support as a buffer for perceived unfair treatment among Filipino Americans: Differences between San Francisco and Honolulu. American Journal of Public Health, 96, 677 – 684.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGolub, E. T., Latka, M., Hagan, H., Havens, J. R., Hudson, S. M., Kapadia, F., et al. ( 2004 ). Screening for depressive symptoms among HIV-infected injection drug users: Examination of the utility of the CES-D and the Beck Depression Inventory. Journal of Urban Health, 81, 278 – 290.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGoodman, S. H., & Gotlib, I. H. ( 1999 ). Risk for psychopathology in the children of depressed mothers: A developmental model for understanding mechanisms of transmission. Psychological Review, 106, 458 – 490.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGrote, N. K., & Frank, E. ( 2003 ). Difficult-to-treat depression: The role of contexts and comorbidities. Biological Psychiatry, 53, 660 – 670.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHeflin, C. M., Siefert, K., & Williams, D. R. ( 2005 ). Food insufficiency and mental health: Findings from a three-year panel of welfare recipients. Social Science & Medicine, 61, 1971 – 1982.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHeneghan, A., Silver, Johnson E., Westbrook, L., Stein, R., & Bauman, L. ( 1998 ). Depressive symptoms in inner-city mothers of young children: Who is at risk? Pediatrics, 102, 1394.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHeseker, H., Kubler, W., Pudel, V., & Westenhoffer, J. ( 1992 ). Psychological disorders as early symptoms of mild-to-moderates vitamin deficiency. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 669, 352 – 357.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHobfoll, S. E., Johnson, R. J., Ennis, N., & Jackson, A. P. ( 2003 ). Resource loss, resource gain, and emotional outcomes among inner city women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 632 – 643.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHobfoll, S. E., Ritter, C., Lavin, J., Hulsizer, M. R., & Cameron, R. P. ( 1995 ). Depression prevalence and incidence among inner-city pregnant and postpartum women. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 445 – 453.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHood, E. ( 2005 ). Dwelling disparities: How poor housing leads to poor health. Environmental Health Perspectives, 113, 311 – 317.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHope, S., Power, C., & Rodgers, B. ( 1999 ). Does financial hardship account for elevated psychological distress in lone mothers? Social Science & Medicine, 49, 1637 – 1649.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHouse, J. S. ( 1986 ). Social support and the quality and quantity of life. In Research on the quality of life ( Chapter 10, pp. 253 – 269 ). Ann Arbor, MI: Institute of Social Research at the University of Michigan.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHusaini, B. A., Neff, J. A., Harrington, J. B., Hughes, M. D., & Stone, R. H. ( 1980 ). Depression in rural communities: Validating the CES-D scale. Journal of Community Psychology, 8, 20 – 27. Imputation and Variance Estimation software, or IVEware. Ann Arbor, MI: Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceJackson, A. P., Brooks-Gunn, J., Huang, C-C., & Glassman, M. ( 2000 ). Single mothers in low-wage jobs: Financial strain, parenting, and preschoolers' outcomes. Child Development, 71, 1409 – 1423.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKendall, A., Olson, C. M., & Frongillo, E. A. ( 1996 ). Relationship of hunger and food insecurity to food availability and consumption. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 96, 1019 – 1024.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKessler, R. C., McGonagle, K. A., Zhao, S., Nelson, C. B., Hughes, M., Eshleman, S., et al. ( 1994 ). Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 8 – 19.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKessler, R. C., Mickelson, K. D., & Williams, D. R. ( 1999 ). The prevalence, distribution, and mental health correlates of perceived discrimination in the United States. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 40, 208 – 230.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKlonoff, E. A., Landrine, H., & Campbell, R. ( 2000 ). Sexist discrimination may account for well-known gender differences in psychiatric symptoms. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 24, 439 – 472.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKrieger, N., & Zierler, S. ( 1995 ). What explains the public's health? A call for epidemiologic theory. Epidemiology, 7, 107 – 109.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceLandrine, H., & Klonoff, E. A. ( 1996 ). The schedule of racist events: A measure of racial discrimination and a study of its negative physical and mental health consequences. Journal of Black Psychology, 22, 144 – 168.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceLandrine, H., Klonoff, E. A., Corral, I., Fernandez, S., & Roesch, S. ( 2006 ). Conceptualizing and measuring ethnic discrimination in health research. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 29, 79 – 94.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceLewis, T. T., Everson-Rose, S. A., Powell, L. H., Matthews, K. A., Brown, C., Karavolos, K., et al. ( 2006 ). Chronic exposure to everyday discrimination and coronary artery calcification in African-American women: The SWAN Heart Study. Psychosomatic Medicine, 68, 362 – 368.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceLink, B., & Phelan, J. ( 1995 ). Social conditions as fundamental causes of disease. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 80 – 94.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMcEwen, B. S. ( 1998 ). Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators. New England Journal of Medicine, 338, 171 – 179.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMcIntyre, L., Glanville, N. T., Raine, K. D., Dayle, J. B., Anderson, B., & Battaglia, N. ( 2003 ). Do low-income lone mothers compromise their nutrition to feed their children? Canadian Medical Association Journal, 168, 686 – 691.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMcLennan, J. D., Kotelchuck, M., & Cho, H. ( 2001 ). Prevalence, persistence, and correlates of depressive symptoms in a national sample of mothers of toddlers. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 1316 – 1323.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMcLoyd, V. C., Jayaratne, T. E., Ceballo, R., & Borquez, J. ( 1994 ). Unemployment and work interruption among African American single mothers: Effects on parenting and adolescent socioemotional functioning. Child Development, 65, 562 – 589.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMiranda, J., Chung, J. Y., Green, B. L., Krupnick, J., Siddique, J., Revicki, D. A., et al. ( 2003 ). Treating depression in predominantly low-income young minority women: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 290, 57 – 65.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMoloughney, B. ( 2004 ). Housing and population health: The state of current research knowledge. Ottawa, Canada: Canadian Institute for Health Information.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMossakowski, K. N. ( 2003 ). Coping with perceived discrimination: Does ethnic identity protect mental health? Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 44, 318 – 331.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceNational Advisory Mental Health Council Work Group on Mental Disorders Prevention Research ( 1998 ). Priorities for prevention research at NIMH ( NIH Publication No. 98–4321 ). Rockville, MD: National Institute of Mental Health.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceNguyen, H. T., Kitner-Triolo, M., Evans, M. K., & Zonderman, A. B. ( 2004 ). Factorial invariance of the CES-D in low-socioeconomic status African Americans compared with a nationally representative sample. Psychiatry Research, 126, 177 – 187.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceNICHD Early Child Care Research Network. ( 1999 ). Chronicity of maternal depressive symptoms, maternal sensitivity, and child functioning at 36 months. Developmental Psychology, 35, 1297 – 1310.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferencePerdue, T., Hagan, H., Thiede, H., & Valleroy, L. ( 2003 ). Depression and HIV risk behavior among Seattle-area injection drug users and young men who have sex with men. AIDS Education and Prevention, 15, 81 – 92.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferencePetterson, S. M., & Albers, A. B. ( 2001 ). Effects of poverty and maternal depression on early child development. Child Development, 72, 1794 – 1813.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceRadloff, L. S. ( 1977 ). The CES-D Scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385 – 401.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceReiss, D., & Price, R. H. ( 1996 ). National research agenda for prevention research: The National Institute of Mental Health Report. American Psychologist, 51, 1109 – 1115.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceResearch Triangle Institute ( 2001 ). SUDAAN user's manual, release 8.0. Research Triangle Park, NC: Research Triangle Institute.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceRose, D. ( 1999 ). Economic determinants and dietary consequences of food insecurity in the United States. Journal of Nutrition, 129, 517S – 520S.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceRose, D., & Oliveira, D. ( 1997 ). Nutrient intakes of individuals from food-insufficient households in the United States. American Journal of Public Health, 87, 1956 – 1961.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSAS Institute, Inc. 2000. SAS statistical package. version 8. Cary, NC: SAS Institute, Inc.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSchraufnagel, T. J., Wagner, A. W., Miranda, J., & Roy-Byrne, P. P. ( 2006 ). Treating minority patients with depression and anxiety: What does the evidence tell us? General Hospital Psychiatry, 28, 27 – 36.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSchulz, A., Williams, D. R., Israel, B., Becker, A., Parker, E., James, S., et al. ( 2000 ). Unfair treatment, neighborhood effects and mental health in the Detroit metropolitan area. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 41, 314 – 332.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSchulz, A. J., Gravlee, C. C., Williams, D. R., Israel, B. A., Mentz, G., & Rowe, Z. ( 2006 ). Discrimination, symptoms of depression, and self-rated health among African American women in Detroit: Results from a longitudinal analysis. American Journal of Public Health, 96, 1265 – 1270.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceScott, R. I., & Wehler, C. A. ( 1998 ). Food insecurity/food insufficiency: An empirical examination of alternative measures of food problems in impoverished U.S. households. ( Discussion Paper No. 1176–98. ) Madison, WI: Institute for Research on Poverty.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSiefert, K., Bowman, P., Heflin, C. M., Danziger, S., & Williams, D. R. ( 2000 ). Social and environmental predictors of maternal depression in current and recent welfare recipients. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 70, 510 – 522.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSiefert, K., Heflin, C. M., Corcoran, M., & Williams, D. R. ( 2001 ). Food insufficiency and the physical and mental health of low-income women. Women and Health, 32, 159 – 177.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSiefert, K., Heflin, C. M., Corcoran, M., & Williams, D. R. ( 2004 ). Food insufficiency and physical and mental health in a longitudinal survey of welfare recipients. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 45, 171 – 186.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSilver, E. J., Heneghan, A. M., Bauman, L. J., & Stein, R. E. K. ( 2006 ). The relationship of depressive symptoms to parenting competence and social support in inner-city mothers of young children. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 10, 105 – 112.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSomervell, P. D., Leaf, P. J., Weissman, M. M., Blazer, D. G., & Bruce, M. L. ( 1989 ). The prevalence of major depression in Black and White adults in five United States communities. American Journal of Epidemiology, 130, 725 – 735.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceTaylor, R. J., Chatters, L. M., & Levin, J. ( 2004a ). Religion in the lives of African Americans: Social, psychological, and health perspectives. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceTaylor, T. R., Kamarck, T. W., & Shiffman, S. ( 2004b ). Validation of the Detroit Area Study Discrimination Scale in a community sample of older African American adults: The Pittsburgh Healthy Heart Project. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 11, 88 – 94.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceTiemeier, H., Van Tuijl, H. R., Hofman, A., Meijer, J., Kiliaan, A. J., & Breteler, M. M. B. ( 2002 ). Vitamin B 12, folate, and homocysteine in depression: The Rotterdam Study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 2099 – 2101.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceTo, T., Guttmann, A., Dick, P. T., Rosenfield, J. D., Parkin, P. C., Tassoudji, M., et al. ( 2004 ). Risk markers for poor developmental attainment in young children: Results from a longitudinal national survey. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 158, 643 – 649.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWeissman, M., & Olfson, M. ( 1995 ). Depression in women: Implications for health care research. Science, 269, 799 – 801.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWeissman, M., Warner, V., Wickramaratne, P., Moreau, D., & Olfson, M. ( 1997 ). Offspring of depressed parents: 10 years later. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54, 932 – 940.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWells, K., Miranda, J., Bruce, M. L., Alegria, M., & Wallerstein, N. ( 2004 ). Bridging community intervention and mental health services research. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 955 – 963.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWells, K., Sturm, R., Sherbourne, C., & Meredith, L. ( 1996 ). Caring for depression: A RAND study. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWilliams, D. R., Yu, Y., Jackson, J. S., & Anderson, N. B. ( 1997 ). Racial differences in physical and mental health: Socioeconomic status, stress and discrimination. Journal of Health Psychology, 2, 335 – 351.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWilliams, D. R. ( 1997 ). Race and health: Basic questions, emerging directions. Annals of Epidemiology, 7, 322 – 333.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWilliams, D. R., Neighbors, H. W., & Jackson, J. S. ( 2003 ). Racial/ethnic discrimination and health: Findings from community studies. American Journal of Public Health, 93, 200 – 208.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWilliams, D. R., Takeuchi, D. T., & Adair, R. K. ( 1992 ). Socioeconomic status and psychiatric disorders among blacks and whites. Social Forces, 71, 179 – 194.en_US
dc.owningcollnameInterdisciplinary and Peer-Reviewed


Files in this item

Name:
0002-9432.77.1.113.pdf
Size:
1.065MB
Format:
PDF
View/Open

Show simple item record

Remediation of Harmful Language

The University of Michigan Library aims to describe library materials in a way that respects the people and communities who create, use, and are represented in our collections. Report harmful or offensive language in catalog records, finding aids, or elsewhere in our collections anonymously through our metadata feedback form. More information at Remediation of Harmful Language.

Accessibility

If you are unable to use this file in its current format, please select the Contact Us link and we can modify it to make it more accessible to you.