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Enough: The Failure of the Living Will
dc.contributor.authorFagerlin, Angelaen_US
dc.contributor.authorSchneider, Carl E.en_US
dc.date.accessioned2012-04-04T18:43:32Z
dc.date.available2012-04-04T18:43:32Z
dc.date.issued2004-03-04en_US
dc.identifier.citationFagerlin, Angela; Schneider, Carl E. (2004). "Enough: The Failure of the Living Will." Hastings Center Report 34(2). <http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/90575>en_US
dc.identifier.issn0093-0334en_US
dc.identifier.issn1552-146Xen_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/90575
dc.publisherWiley Periodicals, Inc.en_US
dc.publisherBlackwell Publishing Ltden_US
dc.titleEnough: The Failure of the Living Willen_US
dc.typeArticleen_US
dc.rights.robotsIndexNoFollowen_US
dc.subject.hlbsecondlevelPhilosophyen_US
dc.subject.hlbsecondlevelObstetrics and Gynecologyen_US
dc.subject.hlbtoplevelHumanitiesen_US
dc.subject.hlbtoplevelHealth Sciencesen_US
dc.description.peerreviewedPeer Revieweden_US
dc.contributor.affiliationumUniversity of Michiganen_US
dc.contributor.affiliationotherAnn Arbor VA HSR&D Center for Practice Management and Outcomes Researchen_US
dc.description.bitstreamurlhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/90575/1/3527683.pdf
dc.identifier.doi10.2307/3527683en_US
dc.identifier.sourceHastings Center Reporten_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceJ.A. Druley et al., “Physicians' Predictions of Elderly Outpatients' Preferences for Life‐Sustaining Treatment,” Journal of Family Practice 37 ( 1993 ): 469 – 75; J. Hare, C. Pratt, and C. Nelson, “Agreement between Patients and Their Self‐Selected Surrogates on Difficult Medical Decisions,” Archives of Internal Medicine 152, no. 5 (1992): 1049–1054; P.M. Layde et al., “Surrogates' Predictions of Seriously Ill Patients' Resuscitation Preferences,” Archives of Family Medicine 4, no. 6 (1995): 518–23; J.G. Ouslander, A.J. Tymchuk, and B. Rahbar, “Health Care Decisions among Elderly Long‐term Care Residents and Their Potential Proxies,” Archives of Internal Medicine 149 no. 6 (1989): 1367–72; A.B. Seckler et al., “Substituted Judgment: How Accurate Are Proxy Predictions?” Annals of Internal Medicine 115 (1991): 92–98; D.P. Sulmasy et al., “The Accuracy of Substituted Judgments in Patients with Terminal Diagnoses,” Annals of Internal Medicine 128, no. 8 (1998): 621–29; R.F. Uhlmann, R.A. Pearlman, and K.C. Cain, “Physicians' and Spouses' Predictions of Elderly Patients' Resuscitation Preferences,” Journal of Gerontology 43, no. 5 (1988): M115‐M121; R.F. Uhlmann, R.A. Pearlman, and K.C. Cain, “Understanding of Elderly Patients' Resuscitation Preferences by Physicians and Nurses,” Western Journal of Medicine 150 (1989): 705–707; N.R. Zweibel and C.K. Cassell, “Treatment Choices at the End of Life: A Comparison of Decisions by Older Patients and Their Physician‐Selected Proxies,” Gerontologist 29, no. 5 (1989): 615–21.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceM. Danis and J.M. Garrett, “Advance Directives for Medical Care: Reply,” NEJM 325 ( 1991 ): PP NO?.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceJ. Katz, “Informed Consent'A Fairy Tale? Law's vision,” University of Pittsburgh Law Review 39, 2 ( 1977 ): 137 – 74; C.H. Braddock 3rd et al., “Informed Decision Making in Outpatient Practice: Time to Get Back to Basics,” JAMA 282, no. 24 (1999): 2313–20.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceC.E. Schneider, “The Best‐Laid Plans,” Hastings Center Report 30, 4 ( 2000 ): 24 – 25; C.E. Schneider, “Gang Aft Agley,” Hastings Center Report 31, no. 1 (2001): 27–28.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceTeno et al., “Do Advance Directives Provide Instructions that Direct Care?”.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceW.R. Mower and L.J. Baraff, “Advance Directives: Effect of Type of Directive on Physicians' Therapeutic Decisions,” Archives of Internal Medicine 153 ( 1993 ): 375, 378.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceJ. Lynn, “Learning to Care for People with Chronic Illness Facing the End of Life,” JAMA 284 ( 2000 ): 2508 – 09.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceJ. Teno et al., “The Illusion of End‐of‐Life Resource Savings with Advance Directives. SUPPORT Investigators. Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and Risks of Treatment,” Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 45, 4 ( 1997 ): 513 – 18.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceA. Fagerlin et al., “Projection in Surrogate Decisions about Life‐Sustaining Medical Treatments,” Health Psychology 20, 3 ( 2001 ): 166 – 75.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceJ. Virmani, L.J. Schneiderman, and R.M. Kaplan, “Relationship of Advance Directives to Physician‐Patient Communication,” Archives of Internal Medicine 154 ( 1994 ): 909 – 913.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceJ.A. Tulsky, M.A. Chesney, B. Lo, “How Do Medical Residents Discuss Resuscitation with Patients?” Journal of General Internal Medicine 10 8 ( 1995 ): 436 – 42.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceTulsky et al., “Opening the Black Box.” pp. 441, 445.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceP.H. Ditto et al., “Advance Directives as Acts of Communication: A Randomized Controlled Trial, Archives of Internal Medicine 161, 3 ( 2001 ): 421 – 30.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceR. Baker et al., “Family Satisfaction with End‐of‐Life Care in Seriously Ill Hospitalized Adults,” Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 48, 5 (suppl) ( 2000 ): S61 – S69.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceV.P. Tilden et al., “Family Decision‐making to Withdraw Life‐Sustaining Treatments from Hospitalized Patients,” Nursing Research 50, 2 ( 2001 ): 105 – 115.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMiles, Koepp, and Weber, “Advance End‐of‐Life Treatment Planning.”.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceTeno et al., “The Illusion of End‐of‐Life Resource Savings with Advance Directives”; E.J. Emanuel and L.L. Emanuel, “The Economics of Dying: The Illusion of Cost Savings at the End of Life,” NEJM 330 ( 1994 ): 540 – 44; L.J. Schneiderman et al., “Effects of Offering Advance Directives on Medical Treatments and Costs,” Annals of Internal Medicine 117, no. 7 (1992): 599–606.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceJ. Sugarman et al., “The Cost of Ethics Legislation: A Look at the Patient Self‐Determination Act,” Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 3, 4 ( 1993 ): 387 – 99.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferencePope, “The Maladaptation of Miranda to Advance Directives.” pp. 139, 167.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceYates and Glick, “The Failed Patient Self‐Determination Act”; Sugarman et al., “The Cost of Ethics Legislation.”.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceR. Dresser, “Missing Persons: Legal Perceptions of Incompetent Patients,” Rutgers Law Review 46 ( 1994 ): 609 – 695.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceJ. Lynn, “Why I Don't Have a Living Will,” Law, Medicine & Health Care 19, 1–2 ( 1991 ): 101 – 104.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceC.P. Sabatino, “End‐of‐Life Legal Trends,” ABA Commission on Legal Problems of the Elderly 2, ( 2000 ).en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHealth Care Assurance of 2001. S. 26. 107th Congress ed; 2001; The Advance Planning and Compassionate Care Act of 1999. S. 628. 106th Congress ed; 1999.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreference38 CFR Part 17 RIN. 2900‐AJ28. November 2, 1998.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKnight v. Beverly Health Care. 820 S2d 92; 2001.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSee Conservatorship of Wendland, where the California Supreme Court construed the state's Health Care Decisions Law as “requiring clear and convincing evidence of a conscious conservatee's wish to justify withholding life‐sustaining treatment” but held that decision did not affect patients who had left “formal directions for health care.” 28 P.3d 151; 2001.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceIn re Martin. 538 NW2d 399; Mich 1995.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCouncil on Ethical and Judicial Affairs of the American Medical Association, Surrogate Decision Making E8.081. http://www.ama‐assn.org.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceP.J. Aitken, “Incorporating Advance Care Planning into Family Practice,” American Family Physician,” 59 ( 1999 ): 605 – 620; A.O. Calvin and A.P. Clark, “How Are You Facilitating Advance Directives in Your Clinical Nurse Specialist Practice?” Clinical Nurse Specialist 16, no. 6 (2002): 292–94.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceA document that “[g]ives person responsible for making medical decisions greater information, specificity and insight about your specific health‐care related decisions, wishes, and objectives” is “A MUST FOR NEARLY EVERYONE” (P. A. Meints, “A Trust and Estate Planning Questionnaire for Families with Minor Children,” The Practical Tax Lawyer 16, no. 1, [2001]: 33). Providing living wills has also become a pro bono activity. “Wills on Wheels was established by a committee of paralegals and consulting attorneys determined to provide… low‐income adults with simple wills and living wills” (J.M. Price, “pro Bono and Paralegals: Helping to Make a Difference” Colorado Lawyer (September 30, 2000), 55–56.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSee http://www.aarp.org/confacts/programs/endoflife.html.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceThe form's critical paragraph reads; “My desires concerning medical treatment are'.” Then it leaves fourteen bland lines the patient may fill in. Available at http://www.med.umich.edu/1libr/aha/umlegal04.htm.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceR. Dresser, “Precommitment: A Misguided Strategy for Securing Death with Dignity,” Texas Law Review 81 ( 2003 ): 1823 – 1847.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceA.R. Eiser and M.D. Weiss, “The Underachieving Advance Directive: Recommendations for Increasing Advance Directive Completion,” American Journal of Bioethics 1 ( 2001 ): 1 – 5.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceN.L. Cantor, “Twenty‐five Years after Quinlan: A Review of the Jurisprudence of Death and Dying,” Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 29 ( 2001 ): 182 – 96.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceL. Emanuel, “Living Wills Can Help Doctors and Patients Talk about Dying,” Western Journal of Medicine 173 ( 2000 ): 368.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceFor example, the form provided by a consortium of the American Bar Association, the American Medical Association, and the American Association of Retired Persons “combines and expands the traditional Living Will and Health Care Power of Attorney into a single, comprehensive document” ( http://www.ama‐assn.org/public/booklets/livgwill.htm ).en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceD.M. High, “Why Are Elderly People Not Using Advance Directives?” Journal of Aging and Health 5, 4 ( 1993 ): 497 – 515.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceL.L. Emanuel, “Advance Directives for Medical Care; Reply.” NEJM 325 ( 1991 ): 1256; N.L. Cantor, “Making Advance Directives Meaningful,” Psychology, Public Policy, and Law 4, no. 3 (1998): 629–52; D.M. Cox and G.A. Sachs, “Advance Directives and the Patient Self‐Determination Act,” Clinics in Geriatric Medicine 10 (1994): 431–43; G.A.D. Havens, “Differences in the Execution/Nonexecution of Advance Directives by Community Dwelling Adults,” Research in Nursing and Health 23 (2000): 319–33; D.M. High, “Advance Directives and the Elderly: A Study of Intervention Strategies to Increase Use,” Gerontologist 33, no. 3 (1993): 342–49; S.H. Miles, R. Koepp, and E.P. Weber, “Advance End‐of‐Life Treatment Planning: A Research Review,” Archives of Internal Medicine 156, no. 10 (1996): 1062–1068; S.R. Steiber, “Right to Die: Public Balks at Deciding for Others,” Hospitals 61 (1987): 572; J. Teno et al., “Do Advance Directives Provide Instructions that Direct Care? SUPPORT Investigators. Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and Risks of Treatment,” Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 45, no. 4 (1997): 508–512.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceEmanuel, “Advance Directives for Medical Care; Reply.”.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMiles, Koepp, and Weber, “Advance End‐of‐Life Treatment Planning”; J.L. Holley et al., “Factors Influencing Dialysis Patients' Completion of Advance Directives,” American Journal of Kidney Diseases 30, no. 3 (1997): 356–60; L.C. Hanson and E. Rodgman, “The Use of Living Wills at the End of Life: A National Study,” Archives of Internal Medicine 156, no. 9 (1996): 1018–1022; J.M. Teno et al., “Do Advance Directives Provide Instructions that Direct Care? SUPPORT Investigators. Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and Risks of Treatment,” Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 45, no. 4 (1997): 508–512.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHolley et al., “Factors Influencing Dialysis Patients' Completion of Advance Directives.”.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCox and Sachs, “Advance Directives and the Patient Self‐Determination Act”; Miles, Koepp, and Weber, “Advance End‐of‐Life Treatment Planning”; D.M. High, “All in the Family: Extended Autonomy and expectations in Surrogate Health Care Decision‐Making,” Gerontologist 28 (suppl) (1988): 46–51.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceL.L. Emanuel and E.J. Emanuel, “The Medical Directive: A New Comprehensive Advance Care Document,” JAMA 261 ( 1989 ): 3288 – 93.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHigh, “Advance Directives and the Elderly”; J.M. Roe et al., “Durable Power of Attorney for Health care: A Survey of Senior Center Participants,” Archives of Internal Medicine 152 (1992): 292–96.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHigh, “Why Are Elderly People Not Using Advance Directives?”; Roe et al., “Durable Power of Attorney for Health care.”.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHigh, “Why Are Elderly People Not Using Advance Directives?”; Roe et al., “Durable Power of Attorney for Health care”; E.J. Emanuel, L.L. Emanuel, and D. Orentlicher, “Advance Directives,” JAMA 266 (1991): 2563–63; G.A. Sachs, C.B. Stocking, and S.H. Miles, “Empowerment of the older patient? A Randomized, Controlled Trial to Increase Discussion and Use of Advance Directives,” Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 40, no. 3 (1992): 269–73; L.L. Brunetti, S.D. Carperos, and R.E. Westlund, “Physicians' Attitudes towards Living Wills and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation,” Journal of General Internal Medicine 6 (1991): 323–29; T.E. Finucane et al., “Planning with Elderly Outpatients for Contingencies of Severe Illness: A Survey and Clinical Trial,” Journal of General Internal Medicine 3, no. 4 (1988): 322–25; B. Lo, G.A. McLeod, and G. Saika, “Patient Attitudes to Discussing Life‐sustaining Treatment,” Archives of Internal Medicine 146, no. 8 (1986): 1613–15; R. Yamada et al., “A Multimedia Intervention on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Advance Directives,” Journal of General Internal Medicine 14 (1999): 559–63.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCox and Sachs, “Advance Directives and the Patient Self‐Determination Act”; L.L. Emanuel and E. Emanuel, “Advance Directives,” Annals of Internal Medicine 116 (1992): 348–49; B.B. Ott, “Advance Directives: The Emerging Body of Research,” American Journal of Critical Care 8 (1999): 514–19.en_US
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dc.identifier.citedreferenceCox and Sachs, “Advance Directives and the Patient Self‐Determination Act”; Holley et al., “Factors Influencing Dialysis Patients' Completion of Advance Directives,” High, “All in the Family”; Roe et al., “Durable Power of Attorney for Health care”; Ott, “Advance Directives”; N.A. Hawkins et al., “Do Patients Want to Micro‐manage Their Own Deaths? Process Preferences, Values and Goals in End‐of‐Life Medical Decision Making,” Unpublished manuscript. P.B. Terry et al., “End‐of‐Life Decision Making: When Patients and Surrogates Disagree,” Journal of Clinical Ethics 10, no. 4 (1999): 286–93.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceJ. Carrese and L. Rhodes, “Western Bioethics on the Navajo Reservation: Benefit or Harm?” JAMA 274 ( 1995 ): 826 – 29; L.J. Blackhall et al., “Ethnicity and Attitudes toward Patient Autonomy,” JAMA 274 (1995): 820–25.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceC.M. Puchalski et al., Patients Who Want their Family and Physician to Make Resuscitation Decisions for Them: Observations from SUPPORT and HELP; JAGS 48 ( 2000 ): S84.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHigh, “Why Are Elderly People Not Using Advance Directives?”.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceIbid.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferencePatient Self‐Determination Act of 1990. of the Omnibus Reconsiliation Act of 1990.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceJ.L. Yates and H.R. Glick, “The Failed Patient Self‐Determination Act and Policy Alternatives for the Right to Die,” Journal of Aging and Social Policy 29 ( 1997 ): 29, 31.en_US
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dc.identifier.citedreferenceCox and Sachs, “Advance Directives and the Patient Self‐Determinaction Act.”.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceJ. Hare and C. Nelson, “Will Outpatients Complete Living Wills? A Comparison of Two Interventions,” Journal of General Internal Medicine 6 ( 1991 ): 41 – 46.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceYamada et al., “A Multimedia Intervention on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Advance Directives”; G.A. Sachs, S.H. Miles, and R.A. Levin, “Limiting Resuscitation: Emerging Policy in the Emergency Medical System,” Annals of Internal Medicine 114 (1991): 151–54.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceC.E. Schneider, The Practice of Autonomy: Patients, Doctors, and Medical Decisions (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998 ).en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceM.J. Silveira et al., “Patient's Knowledge of Options at the End of Life: Ignorance in the Face of Death,” JAMA 284 ( 2000 ): 2483, 2486 – 87.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceYamada et al., “A Multimedia Intervention on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Advance Directives”; S.H. Miles, “Advanced Directives to Limit Treatment: The Need for Portability,” Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 35, no. 1 (1987): 74–76; K.M. Coppola et al., “Perceived Benefits and Burdens of Life‐Sustaining Treatments: Differences among Elderly Adults, Physicians, and Young Adults,” Journal of Ethics, Law, and Aging 4, no. 1 (1998): 3–13.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceRoe et al., “Durable Power of Attorney for Health care.”.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceJ.A. Tulsky et al., “Opening the Black Box: How Do Physicians Communicate about Advance Directives?” Annals of Internal Medicine 129 ( 1998 ): 441, 444.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceC.E. Schneider and M. Farrell, Information, Decisions, and the Limits of Informed Consent (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000 ).en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceB.J. McNeil et al., “On the Elicitation of Preferences for Alternative Therapies,” NEJM 306 ( 1982 ): 1259 – 62.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceT.R. Malloy et al., “The Influence of Treatment Descriptions on Advance Medical Directive Decisions,” Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 40, 12 ( 1992 ): 1255 – 60; D.J. Mazur and D.H. Hickman, “Patient Preferences: Survival versus Quality‐of‐Life Considerations,” Journal of General Internal Medicine 8, no. 7 (1993): 374–77; D.J. Mazur and J.F. Merz, “How Age, Outcome Severity, and Scale Influence General Medicine Clinic Patients' Interpretations of Verbal Probability Terms” (See comments), Journal of General Internal Medicine 9 (1994): 268–71.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMiles, Koepp, and Weber, “Advance End‐of‐Life Treatment Planning.”.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceOtt, “Advance Directives.” pp. 514, 517.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceJ.J. Christensen‐Szalanski, “Discount Functions and the Measurement of Patients' Values: Women's Decisions during Childbirth,” Medical Decision Making 4, 1 ( 1984 ): 47 – 58.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceR.M. Gready et al., “Actual and Perceived Stability of Preferences for Life‐Sustaining Treatment,” Journal of Clinical Ethics 11, 4 ( 2000 ): 334 – 46.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceA. Upadya et al, “Patient, Physician, and Family Member Understanding of Living Wills,” American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 166 ( 2002 ): 1433.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceW. Sheed, In Love with Daylight: A Memoir of Recovery (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995 ): 14.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGready et al., “Actual and Perceived Stability of Preferences for Life‐Sustaining Treatment”; J.T. Berger and D. Majerovitz, “Stability of Preferences for Treatment among Nursing Home Residents,” Gerontologist 28, no. 2 (1998): 217–23; S. Carmel and E. Mutran, “Stability of Elderly Persons' Expressed Preferences regarding the Use of Life‐Sustaining Treatments,” Social Science and Medicine 49, no. 3 (1999): 303–311; M. Danis et al., “Stability of Choices about Life‐Sustaining Treatments,” Annals of Internal Medicine 120, no. 7 (1994): 567–73; P.H. Ditto et al., “A Prospective Study of the Effects of Hospitalization on Life‐Sustaining Treatment Preferences: Context Changes Choices,” Unpublished manuscript; P.H. Ditto et al., “The Stability of Older Adults' Preferences for Life‐Sustaining Medical Treatment,” Unpublished manuscript; E.J. Emanuel, “Commentary on Discussions about Life‐Sustaining Treatments,” Journal of Clinical Ethics 5, no. 3 (1994): 250–51; L.L. Emanuel et al., “Advance Directives: Stability of Patients' Treatment Choices,” Archives of Internal Medicine 154 (1994): 209–217; M.A. Everhart and R.A. Pearlman, “Stability of Patient Preferences regarding Life‐Sustaining Treatments,” Chest 97 (1990): 159–64; L. Ganzini et al., “The Effect of Depression Treatment on Elderly Patients' Preferences for Life‐Sustaining Medical Therapy,” American Journal of Psychiatry 151, no. 11 (1994): 1631–36; N. Kohut et al., “Stability of Treatment Preferences: Although Most Preferences Do Not Change, Most People Change Some of their Preferences,” Journal of Clinical Ethics 8, no. 2 (1997): 124–35; M.D. Silverstein et al., “Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Life‐Sustaining Therapy: Patients' Desires for Information, Participation in Decision Making, and Life‐Sustaining Therapy,” Mayo Clinic Proceedings 66 (1991): 906–913; J.S. Weissman et al., “The Stability of Preferences for Life‐Sustaining Care among Persons with AIDS in the Boston Health Study,” Medical Decision Making 19 (1999): 16–26; K.M. Coppola et al., “Are Life‐Sustaining Treatment Preferences Stable over Time? An Analysis of the Literature,” unpublished manuscript.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCoppola et al., “Are Life‐Sustaining Treatment Preferences Stable over Time?”.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceDanis et al., “Stability of Choices about Life‐Sustaining Treatments”; Ditto et al., “A Prospective Study of the Effects of Hospitalization”; Weissman et al., “The Stability of Preferences for Life‐Sustaining Care.”.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceDitto et al., “A Prospective Study of the Effects of Hospitalization.”.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceH.M. Chochinov et al., “Will to Live in the Terminally Ill,” Lancet 354 ( 1999 ): 816, 818.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceD.T. Gilbert and T.D. Wilson, “Miswanting: Some Problems in the Forecasting of Future Affective States,” in Feeling and Thinking: The Role of Affect in Social Cognition, ed. J.P. Forgas (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000 ): 178 – 97; C.H. Griffith 3rd et al., “Knowledge and Experience with Alzheimer's Disease: Relationship to Resuscitation Preference,” Archives of Family Medicine 4, no. 9 (1995): 780–84; T.M. Osberg and J.S. Shrauger, “Self‐prediction: Exploring the Parameters of Accuracy,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 51, no. 5 (1986): 1044–57.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGriffith 3rd et al., “Knowledge and Experience with Alzheimer's Disease.”.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGilbert and Wilson, “Miswanting.”.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceD. Kahneman and J. Snell, “Predicting a Changing Taste: Do People Know What They Will Like?” Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 5, 3 ( 1992 ): 187 – 200.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGilbert and Wilson, “Miswanting.”.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceIbid.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceG. Loewenstein and D. Schkade, “Wouldn't It Be Nice? Predicting future feelings,” in Hedonic Psychology: Scientific Approaches to Enjoyment, Suffering and Well‐being,” ed. N. Schwartz and D. Kahneman (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1997 ).en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceD. Schkade, Does Living in California Make People Happy? A Focusing Illusion in Judgements of Life Satisfaction,” Psychological Science 9 ( 1998 ): 340 – 46.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceLoewenstein and Schkade, “Wouldn't It Be Nice?”.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceA.S. Brett, “Limitations of Listing Specific Medical Interventions in Advance Directives,” JAMA 266 ( 1991 ): 825 – 28.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceI.S. Kirsch et al., Adult Literacy in America: A First Look at the Results of the National Adult Literacy Survey, U.S. Department of Education; August 1993; NCES 93275.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCox and Sachs, “Advance Directives and the Patient Self‐Determination Act”; Miles, Koepp, and Weber, “Advance End‐of‐Life Treatment Planning”; Silveira et al., “Patient's Knowledge of Options at the End of Life”; Coppola et al., “Perceived Benefits and Burdens of Life‐Sustaining Treatments.”.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferencePope, “The Maladaptation of Miranda to Advance Directives.” pp. 139, 165 – 66.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceD.J. Doukas and L.B. McCullough, “The Values History: The Evaluation of the Patient's Values and Advance Directives,” Journal of Family Practice 32, 2 ( 1991 ): 145 – 53.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceLochner v. New York N. 198 U.S. 45: Supreme Court of the United States; 1905.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceH.J. Silverman et al., “Implementation of the Patient Self‐Determination Act in a Hospital Setting: An Initial Evaluation,” Archives of Internal Medicine 155, 5 ( 1995: 502 – 510.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceRoe et al., “Durable Power of Attorney for Health Care.”.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceR.S. Morrison et al., “The Inaccessibility of Advance Directives on Transfer from Ambulatory to Acute Care Settings,” JAMA 274 ( 1995 ): 478 – 82.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceIbid.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceM. Danis et al., “A Prospective Study of the Impact of Patient Preferences on Life‐Sustaining Treatment and Hospital Cost,” Critical Care Medicine 24, 11 ( 1996 ): 1811 – 17.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceL. Emanuel, “The Health Care Directive: Learning How to Draft Advance Care Documents,” Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 39, 12 ( 1991 ): 1221 – 28; P.H. Ditto et al., “Fates Worse than Death: The Role of Valued Life Activities in Health‐State Evaluations,” Health Psychology 15, no. 5 (1996): 332–43.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceK.M. Coppola et al., “Accuracy of Primary Care and Hospital‐based Physicians' Predictions of Elderly Outpatients' Treatment Preferences with and without Advance Directives,” Archives of Internal Medicine 161, 3 ( 2001 ): 431 – 40.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceIbid.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceM.D. Goodman, M. Tarnoff, and G.J. Slotman, “Effect of Advance Directives on the Management of Elderly Critically Ill Patients,” Critical Care Medicine 26, 4 ( 1998 ): 701 – 704.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMorrison et al., “The Inaccessibility of Advance Directives.”.en_US
dc.owningcollnameInterdisciplinary and Peer-Reviewed


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