Colorimetric Detection of Warfare Gases by Polydiacetylenes Toward Equipment‐Free Detection

Abstract

Rationally designed polydiacetylene (PDA) molecules have been developed for rapid, selective, sensitive, and convenient colorimetric detection of organophosphate (OP) nerve agents, a mass destruction weapon. Oxime (OX) functionality was incorporated into diacetylene molecules to utilize its strong affinity toward organophosphates. The diacetylene molecules having an OX functional group (OX‐PDA) were self‐assembled to form PDA liposomes in an aqueous solution. Upon exposure to organophosphate nerve agent simulants, OX at the OX‐PDA liposome surface interacts with nerve agent simulants, which results in intraliposomal repulsive stress due to steric repulsion between OP‐occupied OX units at the liposome surface as well as interliposomal aggregation induced by increased hydrophobicity of the liposome surface via OP‐OX complex formation. The resulting intra‐ and interliposomal stress causes disturbance of the conjugated backbone of OX‐PDA, producing color change as a label‐free and sensitive sensory signal. The effects of molecular structure on selectivity and sensitivity of OX‐PDA liposome solution, OX‐PDA liposome‐embedded agarose gels, and OX‐PDA liposome‐coated cellulose acetate membranes were systematically investigated. The optimized OX‐PDA liposome in the solid state showed selective and rapid optical transition upon exposure down to 160 ppb of diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP), a nerve agent simulant. The results provide an insightful molecular design principle of PDA‐based colorimetric sensor and suggest portable sensory patches for rapid, selective, sensitive, and convenient colorimetric detection of organophosphate nerve agents. Polydiacetylene (PDA) liposomes having oxime (OX) functionality are rationally designed and synthesized to selectively and sensitively detect organophosphate (OP) nerve agents. Solutions, gel‐pads, and solid films of OX‐PDA liposome demonstrate convenient, rapid, selective, and sensitive colorimetric detection of nerve agent simulants through intra‐liposomal repulsion and interliposomal hydrophobic aggregation.