Talking About Words
With Prof. Richard W.
Bailey
Eating crow, hot-dogging it and other animal metaphors quick and dead.
A
spiritual discipline known as breatharianism invites
its adherents to eat only air. Vegetarians eat vegetables. Fruitarians eat
fruit. Breatharians may be forced to eat solid food sometimes but
only because air pollution interferes with the assimilation of
the four gasses fundamental to life: hydrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide
and nitrogen. In a better, cleaner world, breatharians could thrive
solely on inhaling and exhaling.
English-speaking breatharians face a further
obstacle: Our language is designed for carnivores and, everywhere
we look, we discover the traces of meat-eating. Eating crow is
accepting humiliation. Chow (and the verb chow down)
comes straight into American English from the China trade. It means,
as a California newspaper of 1856 explained, “something good to
eat.” So a chow hound is doubly a dog since the food
eaten comes metaphorically from the edible Chinese dog, the chow
chow, and the eager eating from a famished beagle or blue-tick.
Hot dog (a noun to describe a cocksure
young man) and the hot dog (an adjective for something
pleasant or exciting) were recorded in American college slang at
almost the same time—the former at Yale and the latter at Michigan,
both in the 1890s. (At the University in 1896, a student reported
that there were some hot dog drawings available.)
Not long after that we got hot dog! the
equivalent of “Bravo!”—and its companions: hot doggies! and hot
diggety dog! Nowadays aviators, surfers, snowboarders and
all manner of athletes attract attention by hot-dogging, though
these verbal meanings came much later. (Somewhere in this barking
collection of words come the wiener or frankfurter. Examples
of eating hot dogs come earlier than these meanings,
and in the 1870s it was common for people to frequent the hot-dog
parlors of New York. It remains to be seen how the sausage
made a metaphor for the sassy and smart.)
Greedy people wolf down food or pig out. In The Merry Wives of Windsor, Shakespeare gave us the expression, “The world's mine oyster” for having boundless opportunities, having a juicy delicacy to slurp down.
Animals are not just the eating or the eaten,
of course. Animals are everywhere. “Don't have a cow, man,” admonishes
Bart Simpson. He might as well have said go bananas, but
Bart's an animal guy. People flounder around indecisively, weasel
out of obligations, horse around having fun, squirrel
away their savings, beef up their resumé, chicken
out when courage fails, grouse about their
boss, beaver away at their job, outfox the
competition.
Of course some of these expressions just look like animals. The bum steer (bad advice) is probably not bovine, any more than we should expect quacking in duck down or duck out. But once these words come to our attention, we want the animals to come alive.
We imagine animals. Is there a bison in the person who is buffaloed by a problem? Do dances like the mamba and the bunny hug actually resemble the behavior of the creatures for which they seem to be named? Is there a baby deer hovering around the person who fawns on her best friend or a tropical bird squawking in the guy who parrots the ideas of others?
Some of these metaphors we can be pretty sure about if we've seen the beast involved. Clam up makes sense, but does the mullet “bad hair style” have something to do with the fish? Bear hug, yes, but have a gander, no. People can be catty or turkeys or gorillas or coltish or skunks. Do animals come to mind with equal vividness? Go bats and buck naked are not very obviously connected with animals at all.
Everybody has a different piece of the language and a different set of associations and imaginings. Some of these animals are quick, some dead. They are all metaphors.
(Crow image on front page from quilt at http://www.joyfield.net)
Richard
W. Bailey is the Fred Newton Scott Collegiate Professor
of English. His most recent book is Rogue Scholar:
The Sinister Life and Celebrated Death of Edward H. Rulloff,
University of Michigan Press, 2003—a biography of an
American thief, impostor, murderer and would-be philologist who
lived from 1821 to 1871. It was published by the University
of Michigan Press in 2003.
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