Work Description

Database: ERIC
Rural Drug Abuse Prevention: Establishing Needs and Implementing Programs.

Joseph A Buckhalt
1990 English Document (ED) 15

Designed as a handout for a poster presentation, this paper describes a drug prevalence survey used in Alabama, and methods of establishing drug abuse prevention programs. All students in grade 7, 9,
and 11 in the state (N=140,000+) completed a 466-variable drug prevalence survey. The survey identified rates of use for 14 substances, including alcohol and tobacco products, illicit drugs, and
steroids....

Availability: Connect to the Mirlyn catalog at the University of Michigan
Accession No: ED329406
Title: Rural Drug Abuse Prevention: Establishing Needs and Implementing Programs.
Access ERIC: FullText
Author(s): Buckhalt, Joseph A. ; And Others
Publication: 1990-08-00
Description: 15 p.
Language: English
Abstract: Designed as a handout for a poster presentation, this paper describes a drug prevalence survey used in Alabama, and methods of establishing drug abuse prevention programs. All
students in grade 7, 9, and 11 in the state (N=140,000+) completed a 466-variable drug prevalence survey. The survey identified rates of use for 14 substances, including alcohol and tobacco products,
illicit drugs, and steroids. It also measured student involvement in school, family, and community activities. The results, as a supplement to other sources of needs assessment, gave the 129 Alabama
school districts a dataset for planning prevention and education programs at the community level. One prominent result was that greater involvement in various school or community activities related
to lower drug use. The risk factors for drug abuse appear similar to the risk factors for school failure. In a training project funded by USOE (STRIPE--Strategic Training for Rural Intervention,
Prevention, and Education), community-school teams from 12 communities in rural areas were trained to develop programs for their communities. Two features of the training are components on how to
teach adolescents peer-pressure resistance skills that are generalizable beyond specific drug use situations and how to teach critical thinking and decision-making skills. Team training was conducted
by a multidisciplinary faculty, including pharmacologists, health educators, social workers, counselors, and psychologists. The Alabama Drug Prevalence Survey is included in the document. (Author/KS)
SUBJECT(S)
Descriptor: Alcohol Abuse
Crisis Intervention
Drug Abuse
Early Intervention
Prevention
School Surveys
Secondary Education
Smoking
(Major): Drug Education
Drug Use
Rural Education
Student Participation
Substance Abuse
Identifier: Alabama
Note(s): Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Ps
Document Type: Document (ED)
Publication Type: Speeches/Meeting Papers; Reports - Research; Tests/Questionnaires
Availability: Level: 1
Date of Entry: 1991; RIEJUL1991
Provider: OCLC
Database: ERIC
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Evaluation of Alcohol and Drug Use Attitudes and Behaviors in Pharmacy College Faculty: Part II. Attitudes.

Jeffrey N Baldwin
1990 English Article (EJ) American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, v54 n3 p239-42 Fall 1990

A national survey of pharmacy faculty members (n=1,326) found most members saw chemical dependencies as diseases and favored rehabilitation over exclusion for chemically dependent health
professionals, assistance programs for faculty and students, retention of faculty in recovery, and strengthening substance abuse and wellness curricula by a variety of methods....

Availability: FirstSearch indicates your institution subscribes to this publication. Libraries worldwide that own item: 1082 University of Michigan Library INDEPENDENT U-M LIBRARIES
Search the Mirlyn catalog at the University of MichiganLocal Holdings Information: 1998-Local Holdings Information: 1-66,68-70,72-76; 1937-2012; 1994-
External Resources: Cite This Item
Accession No: EJ416881
Author(s): Baldwin, Jeffrey N. ; And Others
Title: Evaluation of Alcohol and Drug Use Attitudes and Behaviors in Pharmacy College Faculty: Part II. Attitudes.
Source: American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education v54 n3 p239-42 Fall 1990
Standard No: ISSN: 0002-9459
Language: English
Abstract: A national survey of pharmacy faculty members (n=1,326) found most members saw chemical dependencies as diseases and favored rehabilitation over exclusion for chemically dependent
health professionals, assistance programs for faculty and students, retention of faculty in recovery, and strengthening substance abuse and wellness curricula by a variety of methods. (Author/MSE)
Peer Reviewed: Yes
SUBJECT(S)
Descriptor: College Students
Curriculum Development
Drug Rehabilitation
Higher Education
National Surveys
Personnel Policy
Professional Education
(Major): Alcohol Abuse
College Faculty
Drug Abuse
Drug Use
Pharmaceutical Education
Teacher Attitudes
Wellness
Document Type: Article (EJ)
Publication Type: Journal Articles; Reports - Research
Date of Entry: 1991; CIJMAR1991
Provider: OCLC
Database: ERIC
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Education, Assistance and Prevention Program for Chemical Dependency Problems among Pharmacy Students.

Vincent J Giannetti
1990 English Article (EJ) American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, v54 n3 p275-81 Fall 1990

Duquesne University (Pennsylvania) has established a chemical dependency peer intervention program with a strong education and prevention focus which involves identifying, motivating, referring for
treatment and aftercare monitoring of impaired pharmacy students. The program includes a required student seminar. Student response to the seminar and intervention has been positive....

Availability: FirstSearch indicates your institution subscribes to this publication. Libraries worldwide that own item: 1082 University of Michigan Library INDEPENDENT U-M LIBRARIES
Search the Mirlyn catalog at the University of MichiganLocal Holdings Information: 1998-Local Holdings Information: 1-66,68-70,72-76; 1937-2012; 1994-
External Resources: Cite This Item
Accession No: EJ416886
Author(s): Giannetti, Vincent J. ; And Others
Title: Education, Assistance and Prevention Program for Chemical Dependency Problems among Pharmacy Students.
Source: American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education v54 n3 p275-81 Fall 1990
Standard No: ISSN: 0002-9459
Language: English
Abstract: Duquesne University (Pennsylvania) has established a chemical dependency peer intervention program with a strong education and prevention focus which involves identifying,
motivating, referring for treatment and aftercare monitoring of impaired pharmacy students. The program includes a required student seminar. Student response to the seminar and intervention has been
positive. (Author/MSE)
Peer Reviewed: Yes
SUBJECT(S)
Descriptor: Degree Requirements
Health Promotion
Higher Education
Identification
Intervention
Prevention
Professional Education
Program Descriptions
Student Motivation
(Major): College Students
Drug Addiction
Drug Education
Drug Rehabilitation
Peer Influence
Pharmaceutical Education
Identifier: Duquesne University PA
Document Type: Article (EJ)
Publication Type: Journal Articles; Reports - Descriptive
Date of Entry: 1991; CIJMAR1991
Provider: OCLC
Database: ERIC
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pharmacy Students Attitudes toward the Need for University Implemented Policies Regarding Alcohol and Illicit Drug Use.

Sheryl L Szeinbach; Benjamin F III Banahan
1990 English Article (EJ) American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, v54 n2 p155-58 Sum 1990

The study examined the extent of alcohol and illicit drug use by pharmacy students (N=1440) in eight schools of pharmacy in the southeastern United States. Reported drug use was low, but almost 70
percent of students perceived a need for substance abuse and awareness programs. (Author/MLW)

Availability: Connect to the Mirlyn catalog at the University of Michigan
External Resources: Cite This Item
Accession No: EJ412037
Author(s): Szeinbach, Sheryl L. ; Banahan, Benjamin F., III
Title: Pharmacy Students Attitudes toward the Need for University Implemented Policies Regarding Alcohol and Illicit Drug Use.
Source: American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education v54 n2 p155-58 Sum 1990
Language: English
Abstract: The study examined the extent of alcohol and illicit drug use by pharmacy students (N=1440) in eight schools of pharmacy in the southeastern United States. Reported drug use was
low, but almost 70 percent of students perceived a need for substance abuse and awareness programs. (Author/MLW)
Peer Reviewed: Yes
SUBJECT(S)
Descriptor: College Students
Demography
Drug Use
Higher Education
Pharmaceutical Education
Pharmacy
Questionnaires
School Health Services
Surveys
(Major): Alcohol Abuse
Drug Abuse
Student Attitudes
Student Personnel Services
Identifier: University of Michigan; University of Mississippi
Document Type: Article (EJ)
Publication Type: Journal Articles; Reports - Research
Date of Entry: 1990; CIJDEC1990
Provider: OCLC
Database: ERIC
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A Comparison of Alcohol and Illicit Drug Use between Pharmacy Students and the General College Population.

Christina Jarvis Miller
1990 English Article (EJ) American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, v54 n1 p27-30 Spr 1990

A study of substance use and abuse habits and attitudes of pharmacy students in eight institutions found substances used, in descending order of frequency, were alcohol, marijuana, amphetamines, and
then all other drugs. Except for tranquilizers and heroin, all substances were used less by pharmacy students than by other students. (Author/MSE)

Availability: Connect to the Mirlyn catalog at the University of Michigan
External Resources: Cite This Item
Accession No: EJ408828
Author(s): Miller, Christina Jarvis ; And Others
Title: A Comparison of Alcohol and Illicit Drug Use between Pharmacy Students and the General College Population.
Source: American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education v54 n1 p27-30 Spr 1990
Language: English
Abstract: A study of substance use and abuse habits and attitudes of pharmacy students in eight institutions found substances used, in descending order of frequency, were alcohol,
marijuana, amphetamines, and then all other drugs. Except for tranquilizers and heroin, all substances were used less by pharmacy students than by other students. (Author/MSE)
Peer Reviewed: Yes
SUBJECT(S)
Descriptor: College Students
Comparative Analysis
Drug Use
Higher Education
Substance Abuse
(Major): Drinking
Drug Abuse
Incidence
Pharmaceutical Education
Student Attitudes
Document Type: Article (EJ)
Publication Type: Journal Articles; Reports - Research
Date of Entry: 1990; CIJOCT1990
Provider: OCLC
Database: ERIC
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Computer-Assisted Instruction; How to Solve Drug Formulation Problems.

Janos Mezei
1990 English Article (EJ) American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, v54 n1 p30-34 Spr 1990

Computer simulation of drug formulation problems involves a database of pharmacological properties, chemical stability, and compatibility data on 20 active ingredients, physiological factors and
requirements for parenteral solutions, and additives. The user gathers data from the database, formulates a stable and effective solution, and the drug is evaluated by the instructor....

Availability: Connect to the Mirlyn catalog at the University of Michigan
External Resources: Cite This Item
Accession No: EJ408829
Author(s): Mezei, Janos ; And Others
Title: Computer-Assisted Instruction; How to Solve Drug Formulation Problems.
Source: American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education v54 n1 p30-34 Spr 1990
Language: English
Abstract: Computer simulation of drug formulation problems involves a database of pharmacological properties, chemical stability, and compatibility data on 20 active ingredients,
physiological factors and requirements for parenteral solutions, and additives. The user gathers data from the database, formulates a stable and effective solution, and the drug is evaluated by the
instructor. (Author/MSE)
Peer Reviewed: Yes
SUBJECT(S)
Descriptor: Higher Education
Instructional Effectiveness
(Major): Computer Assisted Instruction
Courseware
Pharmaceutical Education
Pharmacology
Problem Solving
Simulation
Document Type: Article (EJ)
Publication Type: Journal Articles; Reports - Descriptive
Date of Entry: 1990; CIJOCT1990
Provider: OCLC
Database: ERIC
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Impact of Biotechnology on Pharmaceutics.

Lawrence H Block
1990 English Article (EJ) American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, v54 n1 p69-70 Spr 1990

The emergence of bioactive peptides and proteins as new drug species poses formidable problems for the pharmaceutical scientist. Implications for revision or change in undergraduate and graduate
pharmaceutics curricula derive from the biopharmaceutical, pharmacokinetic, and physiochemical aspects of the new drug species, which differ from conventional xenobiotics. (MSE)

Availability: Connect to the Mirlyn catalog at the University of Michigan
External Resources: Cite This Item
Accession No: EJ408837
Author(s): Block, Lawrence H.
Title: The Impact of Biotechnology on Pharmaceutics.
Source: American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education v54 n1 p69-70 Spr 1990
Language: English
Abstract: The emergence of bioactive peptides and proteins as new drug species poses formidable problems for the pharmaceutical scientist. Implications for revision or change in
undergraduate and graduate pharmaceutics curricula derive from the biopharmaceutical, pharmacokinetic, and physiochemical aspects of the new drug species, which differ from conventional xenobiotics.
(MSE)
Peer Reviewed: Yes
SUBJECT(S)
Descriptor: Higher Education
(Major): Biomedicine
Chemistry
Curriculum Development
Pharmaceutical Education
Pharmacology
Technological Advancement
Identifier: Biotechnology
Document Type: Article (EJ)
Publication Type: Journal Articles; Reports - Evaluative; Opinion Papers
Date of Entry: 1990; CIJOCT1990
Provider: OCLC
Database: ERIC
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Solving Drug-Related Problems in the Professional Experience Program.

Michael P Kane
1993 English Article (EJ) American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, v57 n4 p347-51 Win 1993

A study investigated the effectiveness of using the Pharmacist's Work-up of Drug Therapy (PWDT) in teaching 91 pharmacy students in a clinical clerkship program to identify and solve drug-related
problems. Because the instructional technique was recently implemented, the study looked at effects of 3 different quantities of training (0, 1, and 3 semesters)....

Availability: FirstSearch indicates your institution subscribes to this publication. Libraries worldwide that own item: 1082 University of Michigan Library INDEPENDENT U-M LIBRARIES
Search the Mirlyn catalog at the University of MichiganLocal Holdings Information: 1998-Local Holdings Information: 1-66,68-70,72-76; 1937-2012; 1994-
External Resources: Cite This Item
Accession No: EJ477835
Author(s): Kane, Michael P. ; And Others
Title: Solving Drug-Related Problems in the Professional Experience Program.
Source: American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education v57 n4 p347-51 Win 1993
Standard No: ISSN: 0002-9459
Language: English
Abstract: A study investigated the effectiveness of using the Pharmacist's Work-up of Drug Therapy (PWDT) in teaching 91 pharmacy students in a clinical clerkship program to identify and
solve drug-related problems. Because the instructional technique was recently implemented, the study looked at effects of 3 different quantities of training (0, 1, and 3 semesters). (Author/MSE)
Peer Reviewed: Yes
SUBJECT(S)
Descriptor: Allied Health Occupations Education
Classroom Techniques
Comparative Analysis
Higher Education
Instructional Material Evaluation
Professional Education
(Major): Clinical Experience
Pharmaceutical Education
Pharmacology
Problem Solving
Time Factors (Learning)
Identifier: Albany College of Pharmacy NY; Pharmacists Workup of Drug Therapy
Document Type: Article (EJ)
Publication Type: Reports - Research; Journal Articles
Date of Entry: 1994; CIJJUN1994
Provider: OCLC
Database: ERIC
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Joys of Clinical Trials: A Case Study of a Multicenter Pharmaceutical Trial.

Bryan M Soronson; Diana V Shaw
1994 English Article (EJ) SRA Journal of the Society of Research Administrators, v25 n2 p21-30 1994

A discussion of clinical trials in the pharmaceutical industry describes typical processes and administrative issues, then presents a case in which a foreign pharmaceutical company negotiated with a
university for sponsorship of a multicenter clinical trial of a new drug therapy. Problems and important considerations in clinical trials are outlined. (MSE)

Availability: FirstSearch indicates your institution subscribes to this publication. Libraries worldwide that own item: 265 University of Michigan Library Search the Mirlyn catalog at the
University of MichiganLocal Holdings Information: 26-31; 1994-1999; 1991-1999
External Resources: Cite This Item
Accession No: EJ479661
Author(s): Soronson, Bryan M. ; Shaw, Diana V.
Title: The Joys of Clinical Trials: A Case Study of a Multicenter Pharmaceutical Trial.
Source: SRA Journal of the Society of Research Administrators v25 n2 p21-30 1994
Standard No: ISSN: 1062-8142
Language: English
Abstract: A discussion of clinical trials in the pharmaceutical industry describes typical processes and administrative issues, then presents a case in which a foreign pharmaceutical
company negotiated with a university for sponsorship of a multicenter clinical trial of a new drug therapy. Problems and important considerations in clinical trials are outlined. (MSE)
Peer Reviewed: Yes
SUBJECT(S)
Descriptor: Case Studies
Drug Therapy
Higher Education
Industry
Medical Research
(Major): Experiments
Pharmacy
Research Administration
School Business Relationship
Teaching Hospitals
Identifier: Sponsored Research
Document Type: Article (EJ)
Publication Type: Reports - Descriptive; Journal Articles
Date of Entry: 1994; CIJJUL1994
Provider: OCLC
Database: ERIC
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A Problem-Based Learning Course for Pharmacy Students on Alcohol and Psychoactive Substance Abuse Disorders.

Usoa Busto
1994 English Article (EJ) American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, v58 n1 p55-60 Spr 1994

A University of Toronto (Canada) fourth-year pharmacy course on drug abuse and dependence focuses on pharmacists' role in detection and prevention and on student knowledge of assessment and
treatment. The course is case or problem based and uses a combination of self, peer, and instructor evaluation on aspects of student performance. (MSE)

Availability: FirstSearch indicates your institution subscribes to this publication. Libraries worldwide that own item: 1082 University of Michigan Library INDEPENDENT U-M LIBRARIES
Search the Mirlyn catalog at the University of MichiganLocal Holdings Information: 1998-Local Holdings Information: 1-66,68-70,72-76; 1937-2012; 1994-
External Resources: Cite This Item
Accession No: EJ481693
Author(s): Busto, Usoa ; And Others
Title: A Problem-Based Learning Course for Pharmacy Students on Alcohol and Psychoactive Substance Abuse Disorders.
Source: American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education v58 n1 p55-60 Spr 1994
Standard No: ISSN: 0002-9459
Language: English
Abstract: A University of Toronto (Canada) fourth-year pharmacy course on drug abuse and dependence focuses on pharmacists' role in detection and prevention and on student knowledge of
assessment and treatment. The course is case or problem based and uses a combination of self, peer, and instructor evaluation on aspects of student performance. (MSE)
Peer Reviewed: Yes
SUBJECT(S)
Descriptor: Classroom Techniques
Course Content
Course Descriptions
Health Promotion
Higher Education
Identification
Intervention
Peer Evaluation
Professional Education
Self Evaluation (Individuals)
Student Evaluation
Substance Abuse
(Major): Alcohol Abuse
Case Studies
Drug Abuse
Pharmaceutical Education
Problem Based Learning
Identifier: University of Toronto (Canada)
Document Type: Article (EJ)
Publication Type: Reports - Descriptive; Journal Articles
Date of Entry: 1994; CIJAUG1994
Provider: OCLC
Database: ERIC
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Self Care. Preventing Misuse of Medication and Alcohol in an Aging Society. Pharmacists and Prevention Specialists Working Together.

Illinois State Dept. on Aging, Springfield.; Illinois State Dept. of Alcohol and Substance Abuse, Springfield.; Illinois State Office of the Lieutenant Governor, Springfield.; Illinois Pharmacy
Foundation, Springfield.
1993 English Document (ED) 109

This manual, which was originally developed to supplement a corresponding continuing education program offered by the Illinois Pharmacy Foundation and Illinois Pharmacists Association, is intended as
a resource for pharmacists and other health care professionals who work to prevent alcohol and drug misuse/abuse in older patients. Discussed in sections 1 and 2 are the following aspects of the
pharmacology and prevention perspectives on the problem: misuse and abuse of medication, body changes in aging, procedures to follow when misuse/abuse is detected, suggestions for talking to older
persons, the Illinois Prevention System, prevention programs and agencies, and services offered by the Prevention Resource Center....

Availability: Connect to the Mirlyn catalog at the University of Michigan
Accession No: ED363780
Title: Self Care. Preventing Misuse of Medication and Alcohol in an Aging Society. Pharmacists and Prevention Specialists Working Together.
Access ERIC: FullText
Corp Author(s): Illinois State Dept. on Aging, Springfield. ; Illinois State Dept. of Alcohol and Substance Abuse, Springfield. ; Illinois State Office of the Lieutenant Governor, Springfield. ;
Illinois Pharmacy Foundation, Springfield.
Publication: 1993-00-00
Description: 109 p.
Language: English
Abstract: This manual, which was originally developed to supplement a corresponding continuing education program offered by the Illinois Pharmacy Foundation and Illinois Pharmacists
Association, is intended as a resource for pharmacists and other health care professionals who work to prevent alcohol and drug misuse/abuse in older patients. Discussed in sections 1 and 2 are the
following aspects of the pharmacology and prevention perspectives on the problem: misuse and abuse of medication, body changes in aging, procedures to follow when misuse/abuse is detected,
suggestions for talking to older persons, the Illinois Prevention System, prevention programs and agencies, and services offered by the Prevention Resource Center. Section 3 outlines the steps in
developing community outreach programs and presents program ideas and sample programs for pharmacists and prevention specialists. Section 4 contains reprints of 6 published articles on drug and
alcohol abuse and a 15-item bibliography. Included in Section 5 are a series of self-care handouts for older adults, fact sheets on drug/alcohol misuse/abuse in older adults, and handouts to assist
in conducting a medicine review and counseling older adults. Section 6 contains a clearinghouse order form, patient consent form, and sample presentation agreement. (MN)
SUBJECT(S)
Descriptor: Community Programs
Health Promotion
Instructional Materials
Outreach Programs
Patient Education
Pharmacology
Program Development
Program Implementation
Records (Forms)
(Major): Alcohol Abuse
Alcohol Education
Drug Abuse
Drug Education
Older Adults
Prevention
Identifier: Illinois
Document Type: Document (ED)
Publication Type: Guides - Non-Classroom
Availability: Level: 1
Date of Entry: 1994; RIEAPR1994
Provider: OCLC
Database: ERIC
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Evaluation of Alcohol and Drug Use Attitudes and Behaviors in Pharmacy College Faculty: Part I. Behaviors.

Jeffrey N Baldwin
1990 English Article (EJ) American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, v54 n3 p233-38 Fall 1990

A national survey of pharmacy faculty (n=1,326) found widespread current alcohol use, 2 percent diagnosed or undiagnosed self-reported alcoholism, and "drinking problems" in 3 percent. Prior
recreational drug use was reported by 32 percent, current use 4 percent. Some reported drug addiction or abuse problems. Alcohol use rates are similar to other health professions, drug use lower....

Availability: FirstSearch indicates your institution subscribes to this publication. Libraries worldwide that own item: 1082 University of Michigan Library INDEPENDENT U-M LIBRARIES
Search the Mirlyn catalog at the University of MichiganLocal Holdings Information: 1998-Local Holdings Information: 1-66,68-70,72-76; 1937-2012; 1994-
External Resources: Cite This Item
Accession No: EJ416880
Author(s): Baldwin, Jeffrey N. ; And Others
Title: Evaluation of Alcohol and Drug Use Attitudes and Behaviors in Pharmacy College Faculty: Part I. Behaviors.
Source: American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education v54 n3 p233-38 Fall 1990
Standard No: ISSN: 0002-9459
Language: English
Abstract: A national survey of pharmacy faculty (n=1,326) found widespread current alcohol use, 2 percent diagnosed or undiagnosed self-reported alcoholism, and "drinking problems" in 3
percent. Prior recreational drug use was reported by 32 percent, current use 4 percent. Some reported drug addiction or abuse problems. Alcohol use rates are similar to other health professions, drug
use lower. (Author/MSE)
Peer Reviewed: Yes
SUBJECT(S)
Descriptor: Alcoholism
Drug Addiction
Family Characteristics
Higher Education
National Surveys
Professional Education
(Major): Alcohol Abuse
College Faculty
Drug Abuse
Drug Use
Pharmaceutical Education
Teacher Behavior
Document Type: Article (EJ)
Publication Type: Journal Articles; Reports - Research
Date of Entry: 1991; CIJMAR1991
Provider: OCLC
Database: ERIC
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Curricular Guidelines for Pharmacy Education: Substance Abuse and Addictive Disease.

Jeffrey N Baldwin
1991 English Article (EJ) American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, v55 n4 p311-16 Win 1991

American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy guidelines for required and elective instructional content concerning substance abuse for pharmacy students is presented. Recommended required content
includes psychosocial aspects of drug use; pharmacology and toxicology; identification, intervention, and treatment of addiction; and legal issues. Objectives, suggested location, resources, and
elective experiences are specified....

Availability: FirstSearch indicates your institution subscribes to this publication. Libraries worldwide that own item: 1082 University of Michigan Library INDEPENDENT U-M LIBRARIES
Search the Mirlyn catalog at the University of MichiganLocal Holdings Information: 1998-Local Holdings Information: 1-66,68-70,72-76; 1937-2012; 1994-
External Resources: Cite This Item
Accession No: EJ439718
Author(s): Baldwin, Jeffrey N. ; And Others
Title: Curricular Guidelines for Pharmacy Education: Substance Abuse and Addictive Disease.
Source: American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education v55 n4 p311-16 Win 1991
Standard No: ISSN: 0002-9459
Language: English
Abstract: American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy guidelines for required and elective instructional content concerning substance abuse for pharmacy students is presented. Recommended
required content includes psychosocial aspects of drug use; pharmacology and toxicology; identification, intervention, and treatment of addiction; and legal issues. Objectives, suggested location,
resources, and elective experiences are specified. (Author/MSE)
Peer Reviewed: Yes
SUBJECT(S)
Descriptor: Course Content
Curriculum Design
Educational Objectives
Elective Courses
Geographic Location
Higher Education
Identification
Legal Problems
Professional Education
Required Courses
Social Influences
Toxicology
(Major): Alcoholism
Drug Addiction
Intervention
Pharmaceutical Education
Pharmacology
Substance Abuse
Identifier: American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy
Note(s): Target Audience: Teachers; Administrators; Practitioners
Document Type: Article (EJ)
Publication Type: Journal Articles; Guides - Non-Classroom
Date of Entry: 1992; CIJJUN1992
Provider: OCLC
Database: ERIC
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Problem Solving Strategies for Pharmaceutical/Chemical Technology College Students.

George F Grant; William E Alexander
1993 English Document (ED) 20

Teaching problem solving strategies and steps to first year college students enrolled in the pharmaceutical/chemical technology program as a part of their first year chemistry course focused on
teaching the students the basic steps in problem solving and encouraging them to plan carefully and focus on the problem solving process rather than to feel a sense of helplessness and panic....

Availability: Connect to the Mirlyn catalog at the University of Michigan
Accession No: ED362383
Title: Problem Solving Strategies for Pharmaceutical/Chemical Technology College Students.
Access ERIC: FullText
Author(s): Grant, George F. ; Alexander, William E.
Publication: 1993-00-00
Description: 20 p.
Language: English
Abstract: Teaching problem solving strategies and steps to first year college students enrolled in the pharmaceutical/chemical technology program as a part of their first year chemistry
course focused on teaching the students the basic steps in problem solving and encouraging them to plan carefully and focus on the problem solving process rather than to feel a sense of helplessness
and panic. The paper attempted to understand students' problem solving patterns, and to provide them with some strategies to enhance their problem solving skills. It was found that after showing the
students basic problem solving strategies/steps, their mean test scores, as compared to a control group was significantly higher at 0.95 probability level. Contains 23 references. (Author)
SUBJECT(S)
Descriptor: Chemistry
Classroom Research
College Freshmen
Foreign Countries
Higher Education
Medical Education
Teaching Methods
Technology Education
(Major): College Science
Problem Solving
Science Instruction
Document Type: Document (ED)
Publication Type: Reports - Research
Availability: Level: 1
Date of Entry: 1994; RIEFEB1994
Provider: OCLC
Database: ERIC
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Use of Competency-Based Experiential Instruction to Introduce Literature-Searching Skills to Pharmacy Orientation Students.

John W Levchuk
1979 English Article (EJ) American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, v43 n2 p105-10 May 1979

Literature-searching skills, basic to a pharmacist's ability to use drug literature for problem solving, were investigated regarding (1) the effect of competency-based experiential learning programs
for introducing literature-searching skills, and (2) the effect of literature-searching instruction in a pharmacy orientation course. Performance objectives are appended. (MLW)

Availability: Connect to the Mirlyn catalog at the University of Michigan
External Resources: Cite This Item
Accession No: EJ208260
Author(s): Levchuk, John W.
Title: Use of Competency-Based Experiential Instruction to Introduce Literature-Searching Skills to Pharmacy Orientation Students.
Access ERIC: FullText
Source: American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education v43 n2 p105-10 May 1979
Language: English
Abstract: Literature-searching skills, basic to a pharmacist's ability to use drug literature for problem solving, were investigated regarding (1) the effect of competency-based
experiential learning programs for introducing literature-searching skills, and (2) the effect of literature-searching instruction in a pharmacy orientation course. Performance objectives are
appended. (MLW)
Peer Reviewed: Yes
SUBJECT(S)
Descriptor: Analysis of Variance
Higher Education
Objectives
Professional Education
Search Strategies
(Major): Bibliographies
Competency Based Education
Curriculum Development
Experiential Learning
Pharmaceutical Education
Research Skills
Identifier: University of New Mexico
Document Type: Article (EJ)
Publication Type: Journal Articles; Reports - Research; Guides - Classroom - Learner
Date of Entry: 1980; CIJJAN1980
Provider: OCLC
Database: ERIC
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Drug Bioavailability Data: (Un)Available.

Anthony C Capomacchia
1979 English Article (EJ) American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, v43 n3 p231-33 Aug 1979

The obtainability of drug bioavailability data from both brand-name and generic-drug manufacturers was studied to document the relative change in availability to pharmacy students of drug
bioavailability data between 1978 and 1976 for drugs exhibiting bioavailability problems. The results indicate no major change. (JMD)

Availability: Connect to the Mirlyn catalog at the University of Michigan
External Resources: Cite This Item
Accession No: EJ214565
Author(s): Capomacchia, Anthony C. ; And Others
Title: Drug Bioavailability Data: (Un)Available.
Access ERIC: FullText
Source: American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education v43 n3 p231-33 Aug 1979
Language: English
Abstract: The obtainability of drug bioavailability data from both brand-name and generic-drug manufacturers was studied to document the relative change in availability to pharmacy students
of drug bioavailability data between 1978 and 1976 for drugs exhibiting bioavailability problems. The results indicate no major change. (JMD)
Peer Reviewed: Yes
SUBJECT(S)
Descriptor: Government Role
Higher Education
Information Needs
(Major): Drug Therapy
Information Dissemination
Manufacturing Industry
Pharmaceutical Education
Document Type: Article (EJ)
Publication Type: Journal Articles; Reports - Research
Date of Entry: 1980; CIJMAY1980
Provider: OCLC
Database: ERIC
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A Laboratory Experiment in Pharmaceutical Analysis: Determination of Drugs of Abuse in Human Urine by Thin-Layer Chromatography.

Leonard C Bailey
1979 English Article (EJ) American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, v43 n3 p227-29 Aug 1979

An experiment is described that was developed for a course in Inorganic and Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry at Rutgers University to provide pharmacy students with practical experience in the
thin-layer chromatography used for the analysis of urine to monitor patient compliance with drug abuse treatment programs. (JMD)

Availability: Connect to the Mirlyn catalog at the University of Michigan
External Resources: Cite This Item
Accession No: EJ214563
Author(s): Bailey, Leonard C.
Title: A Laboratory Experiment in Pharmaceutical Analysis: Determination of Drugs of Abuse in Human Urine by Thin-Layer Chromatography.
Access ERIC: FullText
Source: American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education v43 n3 p227-29 Aug 1979
Language: English
Abstract: An experiment is described that was developed for a course in Inorganic and Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry at Rutgers University to provide pharmacy students with practical
experience in the thin-layer chromatography used for the analysis of urine to monitor patient compliance with drug abuse treatment programs. (JMD)
Peer Reviewed: Yes
SUBJECT(S)
Descriptor: Chromatography
Costs
Higher Education
Student Reaction
(Major): Chemical Analysis
Drug Abuse
Laboratory Experiments
Pharmaceutical Education
Science Experiments
Identifier: Rutgers University NJ
Document Type: Article (EJ)
Publication Type: Journal Articles; Reports - Descriptive
Date of Entry: 1980; CIJMAY1980
Provider: OCLC
Database: ERIC
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A Terminal Pharmaceutics Course in Clinical Pharmacokinetics.

Richard H Reuning; Daniel Krautheim
1978 English Article (EJ) American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, v42 n3 p317-19 Aug 1978, Aug78

At Ohio State University, an undergraduate course extends the course sequence in biopharmaceutics and pharmacokinetics to application to problems in optimizing drug therapy. Course content,
structure, instructional methods, and student term projects are described, and a course outline, typical projects, and some behavioral objectives are appended. (JMD)

Availability: Connect to the Mirlyn catalog at the University of Michigan
External Resources: Cite This Item
Accession No: EJ190781
Author(s): Reuning, Richard H. ; Krautheim, Daniel
Title: A Terminal Pharmaceutics Course in Clinical Pharmacokinetics.
Access ERIC: FullText
Source: American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education v42 n3 p317-19 Aug 1978, Aug78
Language: English
Abstract: At Ohio State University, an undergraduate course extends the course sequence in biopharmaceutics and pharmacokinetics to application to problems in optimizing drug therapy.
Course content, structure, instructional methods, and student term projects are described, and a course outline, typical projects, and some behavioral objectives are appended. (JMD)
Peer Reviewed: Yes
SUBJECT(S)
Descriptor: Behavioral Objectives
Course Content
Higher Education
Student Projects
Teaching Methods
(Major): Course Descriptions
Drug Therapy
Pharmaceutical Education
Pharmacy
Problem Solving
Identifier: Ohio State University
Document Type: Article (EJ)
Date of Entry: 1979; CIJMAR1979
Provider: OCLC
Database: ERIC
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Select Education of the Committee on Education and Labor, House of Representatives, Ninety-Fifth Congress, Second Session. Extension of the Alcohol and Drug
Abuse Education Act.

Congress of the U.S., Washington, DC. House.
1978 English Document (ED) 112

The hearing before the Subcommittee on Select Education of the Committee on Education and Labor focuses upon the proposed extension of the Alcohol and Drug Abuse Education Act. Testimony is heard
from professors, principals, superintendents, and other professionals involved in the field of substance abuse education. The act itself and applicable regulations issued by the Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare are included. (KA)

Availability: Connect to the Mirlyn catalog at the University of Michigan
Accession No: ED163340
Title: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Select Education of the Committee on Education and Labor, House of Representatives, Ninety-Fifth Congress, Second Session. Extension of the
Alcohol and Drug Abuse Education Act.
Access ERIC: FullText
Corp Author(s): Congress of the U.S., Washington, DC. House.
Publication: 1978-01-24
Description: 112 p.
Language: English
Abstract: The hearing before the Subcommittee on Select Education of the Committee on Education and Labor focuses upon the proposed extension of the Alcohol and Drug Abuse Education Act.
Testimony is heard from professors, principals, superintendents, and other professionals involved in the field of substance abuse education. The act itself and applicable regulations issued by the
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare are included. (KA)
SUBJECT(S)
Descriptor: Drug Legislation
Federal Legislation
Federal Regulation
Hearings
Pharmaceutical Education
(Major): Alcohol Education
Drug Education
Educational Legislation
Prevention
Note(s): Not available in hard copy due to marginal legibil
Document Type: Document (ED)
Publication Type: Legal/Legislative/Regulatory Materials
Availability: Level: 2
Date of Entry: 1979; RIEMAY1979
Provider: OCLC
Database: ERIC
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Biomedical Science, Unit IV: The Nervous System in Health and Medicine. The Nervous System; Disorders of the Brain and Nervous System; Application of Computer Science to Diagnosis; Drugs and
Pharmacology; The Human Senses; Electricity. Instructor's Manual. Revised Version, 1976.

Biomedical Interdisciplinary Curriculum Project, Berkeley, CA.
1976 English Document (ED) 204

This volume contains the lesson plans and appropriate teacher background material for a 37-lesson sequence on the nervous system in health and medicine. Additional material is provided for
supplementary lessons on concepts of electricity. Associated material, contained in separate volumes, include a student text and a student laboratory manual. Each lesson outline includes a rationale,
objectives, sequence of student text lessons and laboratory activities, suggestions, teaching notes, materials (where appropriate), and anticipated results. (RE)

Availability: Connect to the Mirlyn catalog at the University of Michigan
Accession No: ED174415
Title: Biomedical Science, Unit IV: The Nervous System in Health and Medicine. The Nervous System; Disorders of the Brain and Nervous System; Application of Computer Science to
Diagnosis; Drugs and Pharmacology; The Human Senses; Electricity. Instructor's Manual. Revised Version, 1976.
Access ERIC: FullText
Corp Author(s): Biomedical Interdisciplinary Curriculum Project, Berkeley, CA.
Publication: 1976-00-00
Description: 204 p.
Language: English
Abstract: This volume contains the lesson plans and appropriate teacher background material for a 37-lesson sequence on the nervous system in health and medicine. Additional material is
provided for supplementary lessons on concepts of electricity. Associated material, contained in separate volumes, include a student text and a student laboratory manual. Each lesson outline includes
a rationale, objectives, sequence of student text lessons and laboratory activities, suggestions, teaching notes, materials (where appropriate), and anticipated results. (RE)
SUBJECT(S)
Descriptor: Anatomy
Biology
Computer Programs
Drug Education
Health
Higher Education
Neurological Organization
Neurology
Physiology
Secondary Education
Teaching Guides
(Major): Brain
Curriculum Guides
Health Education
Lesson Plans
Science Education
Identifier: Nervous System
Note(s): For related documents, see SE 027 978-999 and SE 0; Associated Inst: National Science Foundation, Washington, DC.
Document Type: Document (ED)
Publication Type: Guides - Classroom - Teacher
Availability: Level: 2
Date of Entry: 1979; RIEDEC1979
Provider: OCLC
Database: ERIC
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Biomedical Science, Unit IV: The Nervous System in Health and Medicine. The Nervous System; Disorders of the Brain and Nervous System; Application of Computer Science to Diagnosis; Drugs and
Pharmacology; The Human Senses; Electricity. Student Text. Revised Version, 1976.

Biomedical Interdisciplinary Curriculum Project, Berkeley, CA.
1976 English Document (ED) 191

This unit consists of four sequences. The first considers the brain, the nervous system, and disorders of the brain. The second sequence deals with applications of the computer in diagnosis of brain
disorders along with mathematical and statistical principles used in health applications. The third sequence is concerned with drugs and their effects on the nervous system....

Availability: Connect to the Mirlyn catalog at the University of Michigan
Accession No: ED174414
Title: Biomedical Science, Unit IV: The Nervous System in Health and Medicine. The Nervous System; Disorders of the Brain and Nervous System; Application of Computer Science to
Diagnosis; Drugs and Pharmacology; The Human Senses; Electricity. Student Text. Revised Version, 1976.
Access ERIC: FullText
Corp Author(s): Biomedical Interdisciplinary Curriculum Project, Berkeley, CA.
Publication: 1976-00-00
Description: 191 p.
Language: English
Abstract: This unit consists of four sequences. The first considers the brain, the nervous system, and disorders of the brain. The second sequence deals with applications of the computer in
diagnosis of brain disorders along with mathematical and statistical principles used in health applications. The third sequence is concerned with drugs and their effects on the nervous system. The
final sequence deals with senses, primarily sight and hearing. The properties of light and sound of medical importance are considered. Supplementary lessons on concepts of electricity are provided.
(Author/RE)
SUBJECT(S)
Descriptor: Computer Programs
Drug Education
Electricity
Health
Health Education
Higher Education
Mathematics Education
Neurological Organization
Pathology
Physical Sciences
Secondary Education
(Major): Anatomy
Biology
Brain
Medicine
Neurology
Physiology
Science Education
Note(s): For related documents, see SE 027 978-999 and SE 0; Associated Inst: National Science Foundation, Washington, DC.
Document Type: Document (ED)
Publication Type: Guides - Classroom - Learner
Availability: Level: 2
Date of Entry: 1979; RIEDEC1979
Provider: OCLC
Database: ERIC
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
It Takes Thinking to Produce a Scholar.

Charles E Wales; Anne H Nardi
1988 English Article (EJ) American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, v52 n4 p385-88 Win 1988

The experience of the West Virginia University School of Pharmacy with a course in non-prescription drugs that emphasizes problem-solving through pattern recognition illustrates that when thinking
skills are taught, students value, remember, and can use more of the concepts they study. (MSE)

Availability: Connect to the Mirlyn catalog at the University of Michigan
External Resources: Cite This Item
Accession No: EJ384254
Author(s): Wales, Charles E. ; Nardi, Anne H.
Title: It Takes Thinking to Produce a Scholar.
Source: American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education v52 n4 p385-88 Win 1988
Language: English
Abstract: The experience of the West Virginia University School of Pharmacy with a course in non-prescription drugs that emphasizes problem-solving through pattern recognition illustrates
that when thinking skills are taught, students value, remember, and can use more of the concepts they study. (MSE)
Peer Reviewed: Yes
SUBJECT(S)
Descriptor: Classroom Techniques
Cognitive Development
Higher Education
Problem Solving
(Major): Cognitive Processes
Logical Thinking
Pharmaceutical Education
Scholarship
Identifier: West Virginia University
Document Type: Article (EJ)
Publication Type: Journal Articles; Reports - Descriptive; Speeches/Meeting Papers
Date of Entry: 1989; CIJJUN1989
Provider: OCLC
Database: ERIC
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
An Interpretative Review of Smokeless Tobacco Research in the United States: Part II.

Elbert D Glover
1989 English Article (EJ) Journal of Drug Education, v19 n1 p1-19 1989

Presents second part of two-part series reviewing the published literature of smokeless tobacco in the United States. Explores smokeless tobacco as a pharmacologically addicting substance, discusses
educational interventions designed to prevent use or help users quit, and outlines areas of future research. (Author)

Availability: Connect to the Mirlyn catalog at the University of Michigan
External Resources: Cite This Item
Accession No: EJ396225
Author(s): Glover, Elbert D. ; And Others
Title: An Interpretative Review of Smokeless Tobacco Research in the United States: Part II.
Source: Journal of Drug Education v19 n1 p1-19 1989
Language: English
Abstract: Presents second part of two-part series reviewing the published literature of smokeless tobacco in the United States. Explores smokeless tobacco as a pharmacologically addicting
substance, discusses educational interventions designed to prevent use or help users quit, and outlines areas of future research. (Author)
Peer Reviewed: Yes
SUBJECT(S)
Descriptor: Drug Rehabilitation
(Major): Drug Addiction
Drug Education
Prevention
Research Needs
Research Reports
Tobacco
Identifier: Smokeless Tobacco
Document Type: Article (EJ)
Publication Type: Journal Articles; Information Analyses
Date of Entry: 1990; CIJFEB1990
Provider: OCLC
Database: ERIC
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Seventh Report to the President and Congress on the Status of Health Personnel in the United States.

Health Resources and Services Administration (DHHS/PHS), Rockville, MD. Bureau of Health Professions.
1990 English Document (ED) 421

This document provides selected information on characteristics of health personnel disciplines, students preparing for these disciplines, their schools, projections of the personnel supply in each
discipline to the year 2020, and discussions of whether the U.S. requirements for health personnel are likely to be met. Following an introduction, chapter 2 provides an overview of major personnel
developments, including trends in education and training, the current supply of health care personnel, issues affecting health personnel, and health personnel in the coming years....

Availability: Connect to the Mirlyn catalog at the University of Michigan
Accession No: ED319999
Title: Seventh Report to the President and Congress on the Status of Health Personnel in the United States.
Access ERIC: FullText
Corp Author(s): Health Resources and Services Administration (DHHS/PHS), Rockville, MD. Bureau of Health Professions.
Publication: 1990-03-00
Description: 421 p.
Language: English
Abstract: This document provides selected information on characteristics of health personnel disciplines, students preparing for these disciplines, their schools, projections of the
personnel supply in each discipline to the year 2020, and discussions of whether the U.S. requirements for health personnel are likely to be met. Following an introduction, chapter 2 provides an
overview of major personnel developments, including trends in education and training, the current supply of health care personnel, issues affecting health personnel, and health personnel in the
coming years. Current and emerging health issues and personnel issues are covered in chapters 3 and 4. Among the health issues covered are an aging population, infant mortality, human immune
deficiency virus, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, substance abuse, access to health care, a changing health delivery system, and quality assurance and effectiveness in medical practice. The
personnel issues addressed include declining applicants and enrollments, the shortage of nurses, primary health care concerns, concerns regarding allied health and public health labor supply,
personnel for health care in geriatrics, and underrepresented minorities in the health professions. Chapter 5 discusses the data and methodology used to produce this report. The next 11 chapters
provide information on physicians, dental personnel, nursing personnel, public health personnel, allied health personnel, optometrists, pharmacists, podiatrists, veterinarians, chiropractors, and
physician assistants. The document contains reference lists that follow each chapter, 95 tables, and 75 figures. (CML)
SUBJECT(S)
Descriptor: Adults
Allied Health Occupations Education
Dental Hygienists
Dental Schools
Dental Students
Dentists
Labor Supply
Medical Schools
Medical Services
Nurses
Nursing Education
Optometrists
Pharmaceutical Education
Pharmacists
Physicians
Physicians Assistants
Podiatry
Postsecondary Education
Public Health
Veterinarians
(Major): Employment Projections
Health Occupations
Labor Needs
Medical Education
Occupational Information
Identifier: Chiropractors
Note(s): Report: DHHS-HRS-P-OD-90-1
Document Type: Document (ED)
Publication Type: Reports - Research
Availability: Level: 1
Date of Entry: 1990; RIENOV1990
Provider: OCLC
Database: ERIC
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pharmacy Specialist, 10-8. Military Curriculum Materials for Vocational and Technical Education.

Ohio State Univ., Columbus. National Center for Research in Vocational Education.; Air Force Training Command, Sheppard AFB, TX.
1975 English Document (ED) 774

These teacher and student materials for a postsecondary-level course in pharmacy comprise one of a number of military-developed curriculum packages selected for adaptation to vocational instruction
and curriculum development in a civilian setting. The purpose stated for the 256-hour course is to train students in the basic technical phases of pharmacy and the minimum essential knowledge and
skills necessary for the compounding and dispensing of drugs, the economical operation of a pharmacy, and the proper use of drugs, chemicals, and biological products....

Availability: Connect to the Mirlyn catalog at the University of Michigan
Accession No: ED227273
Title: Pharmacy Specialist, 10-8. Military Curriculum Materials for Vocational and Technical Education.
Access ERIC: FullText
Corp Author(s): Ohio State Univ., Columbus. National Center for Research in Vocational Education. ; Air Force Training Command, Sheppard AFB, TX.
Publication: 1975-07-18
Description: 774 p.
Language: English
Abstract: These teacher and student materials for a postsecondary-level course in pharmacy comprise one of a number of military-developed curriculum packages selected for adaptation to
vocational instruction and curriculum development in a civilian setting. The purpose stated for the 256-hour course is to train students in the basic technical phases of pharmacy and the minimum
essential knowledge and skills necessary for the compounding and dispensing of drugs, the economical operation of a pharmacy, and the proper use of drugs, chemicals, and biological products. The
course consists of three blocks of instruction. Block I contains four lessons: pharmaceutical calculations I and laboratory, inorganic chemistry, and organic chemistry. The five lessons in Block II
cover anatomy and physiology, introduction to pharmacology, toxicology, drug abuse, and pharmaceutical and medicinal agents. Block III provides five lessons: pharmaceutical calculations I and II,
techniques of pharmaceutical compounding, pharmaceutical dosage forms, and compounding laboratory. Instructor materials include a course chart, lesson plans, and a plan of instruction detailing
instructional units, criterion objectives, lesson duration, and support materials needed. Student materials are eight study guides or workbooks with exercises and problems, three programed tests, and
seven handouts. Suggested audiovisual aids are not provided. (YLB)
SUBJECT(S)
Descriptor: Behavioral Objectives
Course Descriptions
Curriculum Guides
Drug Abuse
Drug Therapy
Learning Activities
Lesson Plans
Pharmacists
Postsecondary Education
Programed Instructional Materials
Textbooks
Workbooks
(Major): Drug Use
Pharmaceutical Education
Pharmacology
Pharmacy
Identifier: Military Curriculum Project
Note(s): Some pages are marginally legible.; Associated Inst: Office of Education (DHEW), Washington, DC.
Document Type: Document (ED)
Publication Type: Guides - Classroom - Teacher
Availability: Level: 1
Date of Entry: 1983; RIEAUG1983
Provider: OCLC
Database: ERIC
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Prescription Drug Use and Patient Education--The Critical Role of the Pharmacist.

Philip R Lee
1979 English Article (EJ) American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, v43 n4 p354-57 Nov-Dec 1979

Problems associated with prescription drug use and misuse are discussed. The role of the pharmacist in providing information that patients need to use drugs appropriately is emphasized. (SFJ)

Availability: Connect to the Mirlyn catalog at the University of Michigan
External Resources: Cite This Item
Accession No: EJ219764
Author(s): Lee, Philip R.
Title: Prescription Drug Use and Patient Education--The Critical Role of the Pharmacist.
Access ERIC: FullText
Source: American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education v43 n4 p354-57 Nov-Dec 1979
Language: English
Abstract: Problems associated with prescription drug use and misuse are discussed. The role of the pharmacist in providing information that patients need to use drugs appropriately is
emphasized. (SFJ)
Peer Reviewed: Yes
SUBJECT(S)
Descriptor: Health Personnel
Higher Education
Medical Services
(Major): Drug Abuse
Drug Education
Medicine
Patient Education
Pharmaceutical Education
Pharmacists
Pharmacy
Document Type: Article (EJ)
Publication Type: Journal Articles; Opinion Papers; Speeches/Meeting Papers
Date of Entry: 1980; CIJAUG1980
Provider: OCLC
Database: ERIC
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Overcoming the Barriers to Pharmacist Intervention in Problems Associated with the Use of Drugs--Institutional Pharmacy.

R Paul Jr Baumgartner
1979 English Article (EJ) American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, v43 n4 p361-62 Nov-Dec 1979

Barriers to role expansion for pharmacists working in institutional settings are discussed, such as competency, interdisciplinary responsibilities, and financial reimbursement. Underlying principles
that may be applied to overcome the traditional barriers to pharmacist intervention in drug use problems are examined. (SF)

Availability: Connect to the Mirlyn catalog at the University of Michigan
External Resources: Cite This Item
Accession No: EJ219767
Author(s): Baumgartner, R. Paul, Jr.
Title: Overcoming the Barriers to Pharmacist Intervention in Problems Associated with the Use of Drugs--Institutional Pharmacy.
Access ERIC: FullText
Source: American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education v43 n4 p361-62 Nov-Dec 1979
Language: English
Abstract: Barriers to role expansion for pharmacists working in institutional settings are discussed, such as competency, interdisciplinary responsibilities, and financial reimbursement.
Underlying principles that may be applied to overcome the traditional barriers to pharmacist intervention in drug use problems are examined. (SF)
Peer Reviewed: Yes
SUBJECT(S)
Descriptor: Financial Support
Health Personnel
Higher Education
Institutions
Medicine
Pharmaceutical Education
Professional Recognition
(Major): Change Strategies
Drug Education
Intervention
Job Enrichment
Pharmacists
Pharmacy
Document Type: Article (EJ)
Publication Type: Journal Articles; Opinion Papers; Speeches/Meeting Papers
Date of Entry: 1980; CIJAUG1980
Provider: OCLC
Database: ERIC
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A Novel Use of Computer Simulation in an Applied Pharmacokinetics Course.

Timothy J Sullivan
1982 English Article (EJ) American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, v46 n1 p28-31 Spr 1982

The use of a package of interactive computer programs designed to simulate pharmacokinetic monitoring of drug therapy in a required undergraduate applied pharmacokinetics course is described.
Students were assigned the problem of maintaining therapeutic drug concentrations in a computer generated "patient" as an adjunct to classroom instruction....

Availability: Connect to the Mirlyn catalog at the University of Michigan
External Resources: Cite This Item
Accession No: EJ264521
Author(s): Sullivan, Timothy J.
Title: A Novel Use of Computer Simulation in an Applied Pharmacokinetics Course.
Access ERIC: FullText
Source: American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education v46 n1 p28-31 Spr 1982
Language: English
Abstract: The use of a package of interactive computer programs designed to simulate pharmacokinetic monitoring of drug therapy in a required undergraduate applied pharmacokinetics course
is described. Students were assigned the problem of maintaining therapeutic drug concentrations in a computer generated "patient" as an adjunct to classroom instruction. (Author/MLW)
Peer Reviewed: Yes
SUBJECT(S)
Descriptor: Drug Therapy
Higher Education
Instructional Innovation
Online Systems
Program Evaluation
(Major): Computer Assisted Instruction
Computer Programs
Pharmaceutical Education
Pharmacology
Simulation
Document Type: Article (EJ)
Publication Type: Journal Articles; Reports - Descriptive
Date of Entry: 1982; CIJOCT1982
Provider: OCLC
Database: ERIC
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Developing a Substance Abuse Prevention Program for At-Risk Elementary School Students.

Linda Schwartzkopf
1994 English Document (ED) 47

A lack of adequate substance abuse information at an elementary school prompted this practicum examining at risk students. Classroom guidance lessons on substance abuse prevention were given, which
included small group counseling sessions regarding self-esteem and problem-solving skills, followed by posttests. Classroom guidance lessons revealed a need for prevention programs which imparted
knowledge about the use and consequences of alcohol and substances....

Availability: Connect to the Mirlyn catalog at the University of Michigan
Accession No: ED377435
Title: Developing a Substance Abuse Prevention Program for At-Risk Elementary School Students.
Access ERIC: FullText
Author(s): Schwartzkopf, Linda
Publication: 1994-00-00
Description: 47 p.
Language: English
Abstract: A lack of adequate substance abuse information at an elementary school prompted this practicum examining at risk students. Classroom guidance lessons on substance abuse prevention
were given, which included small group counseling sessions regarding self-esteem and problem-solving skills, followed by posttests. Classroom guidance lessons revealed a need for prevention programs
which imparted knowledge about the use and consequences of alcohol and substances. The self-esteem small group sessions showed that students responded positively to assertiveness training and social
skill enhancement. Students also benefitted from talks about responsibility, self-discipline and good judgment. Participants indicated a need for all students to join in drug awareness and a desire
for more small group counseling sessions and classroom guidance lessons regarding the issues of substance abuse prevention. Parents reported that they felt excluded from their children's substance
abuse programs. It was concluded that comprehensive school substance abuse prevention programs should include lessons for students regarding feelings, pharmacology, and self-awareness, as well as
involve parents. Students who completed posttests on substance abuse prevention, self-esteem, and problem-solving skills performed perfectly. Contains 18 references. (Three appendices list all three
posttests.) (RJM)
SUBJECT(S)
Descriptor: Alcohol Abuse
Children
Classrooms
Drug Abuse
Education
Elementary Education
Grade 1
Grade 2
Grade 3
Grade 4
Grade 5
Kindergarten
(Major): Early Intervention
Educational Strategies
Elementary School Students
High Risk Students
Prevention
Substance Abuse
Identifier: Preventive Education
Note(s): Ed.D. Practicum, Nova University.
Document Type: Document (ED)
Publication Type: Dissertations/Theses - Practicum Papers; Tests/Questionnaires
Availability: Level: 1
Date of Entry: 1995; RIEMAY1995
Provider: OCLC
Database: ERIC
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Methamphetamine: Putting the Brakes on Speed

Jacob P Gettig; Sarah E Grady; Izabella Nowosadzka
2006 English Article (EJ) 8 Journal of School Nursing, v22 n2 p66-73 2006 SAGE Publications. 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320. Tel: 800-818-7243; Tel: 805-499-9774; Fax: 800-583-2665;
e-mail: journals@sagepub.com; Web site: http://sagepub.com

In only recent history, illicit use of methamphetamine, once isolated to urban areas on the West Coast, has spread into rural areas of the Midwest and southern United States. Although past and
current methamphetamine legislation has increased penalties for methamphetamine manufacturers and tightened restrictions on sales of known precursors, the problem still persists....

Availability: FirstSearch indicates your institution subscribes to this publication. Libraries worldwide that own item: 1029 University of Michigan Library Search the Mirlyn catalog at the
University of MichiganLocal Holdings Information: 2000-
External Resources: Cite This Item
Accession No: EJ884217
Author(s): Gettig, Jacob P. ; Grady, Sarah E. ; Nowosadzka, Izabella
Title: Methamphetamine: Putting the Brakes on Speed
Source: Journal of School Nursing v22 n2 p66-73 2006 (8 pages)
Additional Info: SAGE Publications. 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320. Tel: 800-818-7243; Tel: 805-499-9774; Fax: 800-583-2665; e-mail: journals@sagepub.com; Web site: http://sagepub.com;
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/105984050602200202
Standard No: ISSN: 1059-8405
Language: English
Abstract: In only recent history, illicit use of methamphetamine, once isolated to urban areas on the West Coast, has spread into rural areas of the Midwest and southern United States.
Although past and current methamphetamine legislation has increased penalties for methamphetamine manufacturers and tightened restrictions on sales of known precursors, the problem still persists. In
fact, a 2004 survey indicates that an alarming 6.2% of high school seniors have tried methamphetamine. A number of biological, genetic, and environmental factors influence children's and adolescents'
paths to substance abuse. Nurses should recognize the symptoms of methamphetamine abuse, which include agitation; aggressive behavior; rapid mood swings; hypertension; tachycardia; and eventually
lesion-marked skin, clinical depression, and paranoid psychosis. Treatment for methamphetamine addiction includes behavioral therapy. Research on pharmacologic therapy is lacking. Educating youth on
methamphetamine prevention appears to be the best approach to curb the spreading use of this addictive and deadly drug. (Contains 4 tables and 1 figure.)
References: Number: 42
Peer Reviewed: Yes
SUBJECT(S)
Descriptor: Substance Abuse
Aggression
Psychosis
Nurses
Urban Areas
Rural Areas
Therapy
Depression (Psychology)
High School Seniors
Federal Legislation
Surveys
Symptoms (Individual Disorders)
Biology
Genetics
Environmental Influences
Metabolism
Psychological Patterns
Cognitive Restructuring
Drug Addiction
Prevention
Drug Therapy
Document Type: Article (EJ)
Publication Type: Journal Articles; Reports - Descriptive
Date of Entry: 2010; FEB2014
Provider: OCLC
Database: ERIC
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bipolar Disorder in School-Age Children

Patricia M Olson; Mary Rae Pacheco
2005 English Article (EJ) 6 Journal of School Nursing, v21 n3 p152-157 2005 SAGE Publications. 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320. Tel: 800-818-7243; Tel: 805-499-9774; Fax: 800-583-2665;
e-mail: journals@sagepub.com; Web site: http://sagepub.com

This article examines the individual components of bipolar disorder in children and the behaviors that can escalate as a result of misdiagnosis and treatment. The brain/behavior relationship in
bipolar disorders can be affected by genetics, developmental failure, or environmental influences, which can cause an onset of dramatic mood swings and dysfunctional behavior....

Availability: FirstSearch indicates your institution subscribes to this publication. Libraries worldwide that own item: 1029 University of Michigan Library Search the Mirlyn catalog at the
University of MichiganLocal Holdings Information: 2000-
External Resources: Cite This Item
Accession No: EJ884906
Author(s): Olson, Patricia M. ; Pacheco, Mary Rae
Title: Bipolar Disorder in School-Age Children
Source: Journal of School Nursing v21 n3 p152-157 2005 (6 pages)
Additional Info: SAGE Publications. 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320. Tel: 800-818-7243; Tel: 805-499-9774; Fax: 800-583-2665; e-mail: journals@sagepub.com; Web site: http://sagepub.com;
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10598405050210030501
Standard No: ISSN: 1059-8405
Language: English
Abstract: This article examines the individual components of bipolar disorder in children and the behaviors that can escalate as a result of misdiagnosis and treatment. The brain/behavior
relationship in bipolar disorders can be affected by genetics, developmental failure, or environmental influences, which can cause an onset of dramatic mood swings and dysfunctional behavior. School
is often the site where mental health disorders are observed when comparing behaviors with other children. Assessing the emotional, academic, and health needs of a student with a bipolar disorder is
a critical step in designing effective interventions and school accommodations. Without appropriate medical, psychological, pharmaceutical, and academic interventions, a child is at risk for
uncontrolled mania, depression, substance abuse, or suicide. The school nurse is part of the multidisciplinary team and plays a key role in facilitating case management to potentially reverse this
possible negative trajectory. Successful case management provides children with bipolar disorder the opportunity to reach their academic potential. (Contains 5 tables.)
References: Number: 23
Peer Reviewed: Yes
SUBJECT(S)
Descriptor: School Nurses
Mental Disorders
Genetics
Environmental Influences
Depression (Psychology)
Children
Child Health
Brain
Child Development
Behavior Disorders
Evaluation Methods
At Risk Persons
Symptoms (Individual Disorders)
Suicide
Substance Abuse
Clinical Diagnosis
Screening Tests
Drug Therapy
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Special Needs Students
Identifier: Behavior Assessment System for Children
Document Type: Article (EJ)
Publication Type: Journal Articles; Reports - Evaluative
Date of Entry: 2010; FEB2014
Provider: OCLC
Database: ERIC
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Substance Use Attitudes and Behaviors at Three Pharmacy Colleges

Jeffrey N Baldwin; David M Scott; Edward M II DeSimone; Joy H Forrester; Martha P Fankhauser
2011 English Article (EJ) 9 Substance Abuse, v32 n1 p27-35 2011 Routledge. Available from: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. 325 Chestnut Street Suite 800, Philadelphia, PA 19106. Tel: 800-354-1420; Fax:
215-625-2940; Web site: http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals

The objective of this study was to profile and compare alcohol and other drug (AOD) use attitudes and behaviors in three pharmacy colleges. Student surveys of AOD use attitudes and behaviors were
conducted at one southwestern and two midwestern pharmacy colleges. Response was 86.5% (566/654). Reported past-year use included alcohol 82.8%, tobacco 25.4%, and marijuana 6.9%....

Availability: FirstSearch indicates your institution subscribes to this publication. Libraries worldwide that own item: 426 University of Michigan Library Search the Mirlyn catalog at the
University of Michigan
External Resources: Cite This Item
Accession No: EJ913972
Author(s): Baldwin, Jeffrey N. ; Scott, David M. ; DeSimone, Edward M., II ; Forrester, Joy H. ; Fankhauser, Martha P.
Title: Substance Use Attitudes and Behaviors at Three Pharmacy Colleges
Source: Substance Abuse v32 n1 p27-35 2011 (9 pages)
Additional Info: Routledge. Available from: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. 325 Chestnut Street Suite 800, Philadelphia, PA 19106. Tel: 800-354-1420; Fax: 215-625-2940; Web site:
http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals; http://www.informaworld.com/openurl?genre=article&id=doi:10.1080/08897077.2011.540470
Standard No: ISSN: 0889-7077
Language: English
Abstract: The objective of this study was to profile and compare alcohol and other drug (AOD) use attitudes and behaviors in three pharmacy colleges. Student surveys of AOD use attitudes
and behaviors were conducted at one southwestern and two midwestern pharmacy colleges. Response was 86.5% (566/654). Reported past-year use included alcohol 82.8%, tobacco 25.4%, and marijuana 6.9%.
Past-year AOD-associated events included blackouts 18.2%, class or work under influence 7.8%, patient care under influence 1.4%, lowered grades or job evaluations 5.8%, legal charges 2.7%, and heavy
drinking 29.0%. Family histories of alcohol or drug problems were reported by 35.5% and 13.1%, respectively. A number of significant differences in AOD use attitudes and behaviors between the three
colleges were identified. Pharmacy students reported a number of risky drug-use attitudes and behaviors in this survey. Student AOD prevention, assistance, and education should be proactively
addressed by pharmacy colleges. (Contains 4 tables.)
References: Number: 19
Peer Reviewed: Yes
SUBJECT(S)
Descriptor: Pharmaceutical Education
Drinking
Student Surveys
Pharmacy
Substance Abuse
Student Attitudes
Student Behavior
College Students
Comparative Analysis
Drug Abuse
Attitude Measures
Marijuana
Smoking
Alcohol Abuse
Family Influence
At Risk Students
Public Colleges
Private Colleges
Identifier: United States (Midwest); United States (Southwest)
Note(s): Education Level: Higher Education
Document Type: Article (EJ)
Publication Type: Journal Articles; Reports - Research
Date of Entry: 2011; FEB2014
Provider: OCLC
Database: ERIC
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Back to School: Keeping Our Children Safe, Healthy, and Drug-Free in the New School Season. Fact Sheet

Office of National Drug Control Policy
2010 English Document (ED) 4 Office of National Drug Control Policy. Executive Office of the President, Washington, DC 20503. Tel: 202-395-6700; Fax: 202-395-6708; Web site:
http://www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov

Results of the 2009 "Monitoring the Future" (MTF) study document the disturbing prevalence among teens of abuse of prescription and over-the-counter drugs. The data show, for example, that seven of
the substances most commonly abused by high school seniors are pharmaceuticals. Many parents believe they are powerless to influence their teens....

Availability: Connect to the Mirlyn catalog at the University of Michigan
Accession No: ED513395
Title: Back to School: Keeping Our Children Safe, Healthy, and Drug-Free in the New School Season. Fact Sheet
Access ERIC: FullText
Corp Author(s): Office of National Drug Control Policy
Publication: Office of National Drug Control Policy. Executive Office of the President, Washington, DC 20503. Tel: 202-395-6700; Fax: 202-395-6708; Web site:
http://www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov; 2010-08-00
Source: Office of National Drug Control Policy
Description: 4 p.
Language: English
Abstract: Results of the 2009 "Monitoring the Future" (MTF) study document the disturbing prevalence among teens of abuse of prescription and over-the-counter drugs. The data show, for
example, that seven of the substances most commonly abused by high school seniors are pharmaceuticals. Many parents believe they are powerless to influence their teens. However, research makes clear
that parents remain the single most powerful influence in their kids' lives. This paper offers some tips for parents on how to talk to their teens about drug use. (Contains 4 figures.)
SUBJECT(S)
Descriptor: Prevention
Child Welfare
Child Health
Incidence
Drug Abuse
Secondary School Students
Drug Therapy
Parent Influence
Parent Child Relationship
Interpersonal Communication
Drinking
Alcohol Abuse
Marijuana
Narcotics
Note(s): Education Level: Grade 10; Grade 12; Grade 8; Secondary Education
Document Type: Document (ED)
Publication Type: Numerical/Quantitative Data
Date of Entry: 2010; FEB2014
Provider: OCLC
Database: ERIC
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Using Peer Teaching to Support Co-Operative Learning in Undergraduate Pharmacology

Iris Depaz; Roger W Moni
2008 English Article (EJ) 12 Bioscience Education e-Journal, v11 Article 8 Jun 2008 Centre for Bioscience, The Higher Education Academy. Room 9.15, Worsley Building, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2
9JT United Kingdom. Tel: +44-113-343-3001; Fax: +44-113-343-5894; e-mail: beej@leeds.ac.uk; Web site: http://www.bioscience.heacademy.ac.uk/journal

We report findings from the second phase of a study of co-operative, group-based assessment in Pharmacology for second-year undergraduates at The University of Queensland, Australia. Students (n =
285) enrolled in the 2006 Bachelor of Science degree program completed a group-based assessment task (weighted 10% of their course). Blended teaching strategies and the task design were modified to
support group formation and peer teaching....

Availability: FirstSearch indicates your institution subscribes to this publication. Libraries worldwide that own item: 524 University of Michigan Library Search the Mirlyn catalog at the
University of MichiganLocal Holdings Information: 1-; 2003-
External Resources: Cite This Item
Accession No: EJ835798
Author(s): Depaz, Iris ; Moni, Roger W.
Title: Using Peer Teaching to Support Co-Operative Learning in Undergraduate Pharmacology
Source: Bioscience Education e-Journal v11 Article 8 Jun 2008 (12 pages)
Additional Info: Centre for Bioscience, The Higher Education Academy. Room 9.15, Worsley Building, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT United Kingdom. Tel: +44-113-343-3001; Fax: +44-113-343-5894;
e-mail: beej@leeds.ac.uk; Web site: http://www.bioscience.heacademy.ac.uk/journal; http://dx.doi.org/10.3108/beej.11.8
Standard No: ISSN: 1479-7860
Language: English
Abstract: We report findings from the second phase of a study of co-operative, group-based assessment in Pharmacology for second-year undergraduates at The University of Queensland,
Australia. Students (n = 285) enrolled in the 2006 Bachelor of Science degree program completed a group-based assessment task (weighted 10% of their course). Blended teaching strategies and the task
design were modified to support group formation and peer teaching. A Jigsaw teaching strategy was adopted to support a co-operative learning task in which groups created and submitted a Notice of
Intent (NOI) or mini grant proposal based on the topic of Drug Dependence. Assessment was 7% from the NOI and 3% from an individual quiz. In post-assessment surveys, students reported more favourable
attitudes towards assessment in which group members received the same marks than in a pre-teaching survey. Findings from the post-task assessment survey were that most students worked co-operatively
around assessment. Most students reported that peer teaching help them to complete their assignment and their individual quiz (3%) more than working in "expert panels" or group-based writing. Overall
marks were high: the mean [plus or minus] sd for the group-based NOI was 80 [plus or minus] 13% and for the averaged quiz marks, 73 [plus or minus] 13%. The need for more detailed study of group
dynamics is recommended. (Contains 3 figures.)
References: Number: 27
Peer Reviewed: Yes
SUBJECT(S)
Descriptor: Peer Teaching
Pharmacology
Cooperative Learning
Undergraduate Students
Group Dynamics
Foreign Countries
Communication Skills
Teamwork
Case Studies
Science Instruction
College Science
Toxicology
Student Attitudes
Student Surveys
Peer Evaluation
Identifier: Australia
Note(s): Education Level: Higher Education; Postsecondary Education
Document Type: Article (EJ)
Publication Type: Journal Articles; Reports - Research
Date of Entry: 2009; FEB2014
Provider: OCLC
Database: ERIC
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Student Perceptions of Social Learning Space: Designing and Implementing a Co-Operative Assessment Task in Pharmacology

Roger W Moni; Iris Depaz; Lesley J Lluka
2008 English Article (EJ) 13 Bioscience Education e-Journal, v11 Article 9 Jun 2008 Centre for Bioscience, The Higher Education Academy. Room 9.15, Worsley Building, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2
9JT United Kingdom. Tel: +44-113-343-3001; Fax: +44-113-343-5894; e-mail: beej@leeds.ac.uk; Web site: http://www.bioscience.heacademy.ac.uk/journal

We report findings from a case study of co-operative, group-based assessment in Pharmacology for second-year undergraduates at The University of Queensland, Australia. Students enrolled in the 2005
Bachelor of Science and 2006 Bachelor of Pharmacy degree programs, were early users of the university's new Collaborative Teaching and Learning Centre (CTLC), a specialised social learning space....

Availability: FirstSearch indicates your institution subscribes to this publication. Libraries worldwide that own item: 524 University of Michigan Library Search the Mirlyn catalog at the
University of MichiganLocal Holdings Information: 1-; 2003-
External Resources: Cite This Item
Accession No: EJ835799
Author(s): Moni, Roger W. ; Depaz, Iris ; Lluka, Lesley J.
Title: Student Perceptions of Social Learning Space: Designing and Implementing a Co-Operative Assessment Task in Pharmacology
Source: Bioscience Education e-Journal v11 Article 9 Jun 2008 (13 pages)
Additional Info: Centre for Bioscience, The Higher Education Academy. Room 9.15, Worsley Building, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT United Kingdom. Tel: +44-113-343-3001; Fax: +44-113-343-5894;
e-mail: beej@leeds.ac.uk; Web site: http://www.bioscience.heacademy.ac.uk/journal; http://dx.doi.org/10.3108/beej.11.9
Standard No: ISSN: 1479-7860
Language: English
Abstract: We report findings from a case study of co-operative, group-based assessment in Pharmacology for second-year undergraduates at The University of Queensland, Australia. Students
enrolled in the 2005 Bachelor of Science and 2006 Bachelor of Pharmacy degree programs, were early users of the university's new Collaborative Teaching and Learning Centre (CTLC), a specialised
social learning space. A pre-existing, traditionally taught Computer Assisted Learning (CAL) module on the topic of Drug Dependence was common to the courses for Science and Pharmacy students. We
describe how this module was redesigned as part of a 3-hour, co-operative assignment weighted as 5%. Details of the co-operative learning principles, the teaching strategy and the assessment design
are documented. Most students achieved high academic results: Science (2005) mean [plus or minus] SD = 79.5[plus or minus]14.8%, n = 232; Pharmacy (2006) mean [plus or minus] SD = 83.3[plus or
minus]13.6%, n = 186. From post-task opinion surveys and focus group interviews, both student cohorts perceived that CTLC facilities and the group work helped them learn about Drug Dependence. These
data confirmed that most students felt they worked co-operatively to complete the assessment. Time and understanding the new task were the main reported stressors. (Contains 3 figures and 1 table.)
References: Number: 18
Peer Reviewed: Yes
SUBJECT(S)
Descriptor: Student Attitudes
Pharmacology
College Science
Science Instruction
Case Studies
Undergraduate Students
Computer Assisted Instruction
Cooperative Learning
Focus Groups
Student Surveys
Foreign Countries
Identifier: Australia
Note(s): Education Level: Higher Education; Postsecondary Education
Document Type: Article (EJ)
Publication Type: Journal Articles; Reports - Research
Date of Entry: 2009; FEB2014
Provider: OCLC
Database: ERIC
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
College Student Receptiveness to Various Alcohol Treatment Options

Amee J Epler; Kenneth J Sher; Tiffany B Loomis; Stephanie S O'Malley
2009 English Article (EJ) 7 Journal of American College Health, v58 n1 p26-32 Jul-Aug 2009 Heldref Publications. 1319 Eighteenth Street NW, Washington, DC 20036-1802. Tel: 800-365-9753; Tel:
202-296-6267; Fax: 202-293-6130; e-mail: subscribe@heldref.org; Web site: http://www.heldref.org

Objective: Heavy episodic drinking remains a significant problem on college campuses. Although most interventions for college students are behavioral, pharmacological treatments, such as naltrexone,
could provide additional options. Participants: The authors evaluated receptivity to various alcohol treatment options in a general population of college student drinkers (N = 2,084), assessed in
2005....

Availability: FirstSearch indicates your institution subscribes to this publication. Libraries worldwide that own item: 1454 University of Michigan Library INDEPENDENT U-M LIBRARIES
Search the Mirlyn catalog at the University of MichiganLocal Holdings Information: 30-34,36-56; 1982-2007; 1994-
External Resources: Cite This Item
Accession No: EJ847493
Author(s): Epler, Amee J. ; Sher, Kenneth J. ; Loomis, Tiffany B. ; O'Malley, Stephanie S.
Title: College Student Receptiveness to Various Alcohol Treatment Options
Source: Journal of American College Health v58 n1 p26-32 Jul-Aug 2009 (7 pages)
Additional Info: Heldref Publications. 1319 Eighteenth Street NW, Washington, DC 20036-1802. Tel: 800-365-9753; Tel: 202-296-6267; Fax: 202-293-6130; e-mail: subscribe@heldref.org; Web site:
http://www.heldref.org; http://heldref.metapress.com/openurl.asp?genre=article&id=doi:10.3200/JACH.58.1.26-32
Standard No: ISSN: 0744-8481
Language: English
Abstract: Objective: Heavy episodic drinking remains a significant problem on college campuses. Although most interventions for college students are behavioral, pharmacological treatments,
such as naltrexone, could provide additional options. Participants: The authors evaluated receptivity to various alcohol treatment options in a general population of college student drinkers (N =
2,084), assessed in 2005. Methods: The authors asked participants to indicate which of 8 treatment options (ie, self-help book, self-help computer program, self-help group, group therapy, individual
therapy, monthly injection, targeted oral medication, or daily oral medication) they would be willing to consider if they were going to cut down on or stop drinking. Results: Over 50% of drinkers
expressed receptiveness to self-help options or psychotherapy options, and over 25% of drinkers expressed receptiveness to medication options. Conclusions: Increasing treatment options for students
interested in reducing or stopping drinking by offering pharmacological interventions such as naltrexone could provide an important unmet need among college students. (Contains 3 tables.)
References: Number: 44
Peer Reviewed: Yes
SUBJECT(S)
Descriptor: College Students
Campuses
Self Help Programs
Outcomes of Treatment
Computer Software
Psychotherapy
Group Therapy
Drinking
Alcohol Abuse
Intervention
Drug Therapy
Student Attitudes
Regression (Statistics)
Measures (Individuals)
Questionnaires
Note(s): Education Level: Higher Education
Document Type: Article (EJ)
Publication Type: Journal Articles; Reports - Research
Date of Entry: 2009; FEB2014
Provider: OCLC
Database: ERIC
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Modeling the Impact of Simulated Educational Interventions on the Use and Abuse of Pharmaceutical Opioids in the United States: A Report on Initial Efforts

Wayne Wakeland; Alexandra Nielsen; Teresa D Schmidt; Dennis McCarty; Lynn R Webster; John Fitzgerald; J David Haddox
2013 English Article (EJ) 13 Health Education & Behavior, v40 n1 suppl p74S-86S Oct 2013 SAGE Publications. 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320. Tel: 800-818-7243; Tel: 805-499-9774; Fax:
800-583-2665; e-mail: journals@sagepub.com; Web site: http://sagepub.com

Three educational interventions were simulated in a system dynamics model of the medical use, trafficking, and nonmedical use of pharmaceutical opioids. The study relied on secondary data obtained in
the literature for the period of 1995 to 2008 as well as expert panel recommendations regarding model parameters and structure. The behavior of the resulting systems-level model was tested for fit
against reference behavior data....

Availability: FirstSearch indicates your institution subscribes to this publication. Libraries worldwide that own item: 977 University of Michigan Library Search the Mirlyn catalog at the
University of MichiganLocal Holdings Information: 24-36; 1997-2009; 1997-
External Resources: Cite This Item
Accession No: EJ1019644
Author(s): Wakeland, Wayne ; Nielsen, Alexandra ; Schmidt, Teresa D. ; McCarty, Dennis ; Webster, Lynn R. ; Fitzgerald, John ; Haddox, J. David
Title: Modeling the Impact of Simulated Educational Interventions on the Use and Abuse of Pharmaceutical Opioids in the United States: A Report on Initial Efforts
Source: Health Education & Behavior v40 n1 suppl p74S-86S Oct 2013 (13 pages)
Additional Info: SAGE Publications. 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320. Tel: 800-818-7243; Tel: 805-499-9774; Fax: 800-583-2665; e-mail: journals@sagepub.com; Web site: http://sagepub.com;
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1090198113492767
Standard No: ISSN: 1090-1981
Language: English
Abstract: Three educational interventions were simulated in a system dynamics model of the medical use, trafficking, and nonmedical use of pharmaceutical opioids. The study relied on
secondary data obtained in the literature for the period of 1995 to 2008 as well as expert panel recommendations regarding model parameters and structure. The behavior of the resulting systems-level
model was tested for fit against reference behavior data. After the base model was tested, logic to represent three educational interventions was added and the impact of each intervention on
simulated overdose deaths was evaluated over a 7-year evaluation period, 2008 to 2015. Principal findings were that a prescriber education intervention not only reduced total overdose deaths in the
model but also reduced the total number of persons who receive opioid analgesic therapy, medical user education not only reduced overdose deaths among medical users but also resulted in increased
deaths from nonmedical use, and a "popularity" intervention sharply reduced overdose deaths among nonmedical users while having no effect on medical use. System dynamics modeling shows promise for
evaluating potential interventions to ameliorate the adverse outcomes associated with the complex system surrounding the use of opioid analgesics to treat pain.
References: Number: 46
Peer Reviewed: Yes
SUBJECT(S)
Descriptor: Simulation
Interviews
Drug Abuse
Drug Use
Drug Therapy
Crime
Death
Narcotics
Pain
Health Education
Systems Approach
Models
Pharmacology
Document Type: Article (EJ)
Publication Type: Reports - Research; Journal Articles
Date of Entry: 2014; JAN2015
Provider: OCLC
Database: ERIC
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Biochemistry in an Undergraduate Writing-Intensive First-Year Program: Seminar Courses in Drugs and Bioethics

Kenneth V Mills
2015 English Article (EJ) 10 Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education, v43 n4 p263-272 Jul-Aug 2015 Wiley-Blackwell. 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148. Tel: 800-835-6770; Tel: 781-388-8598; Fax:
781-388-8232; e-mail: cs-journals@wiley.com; Web site: http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA

The College of the Holy Cross offers a universal first-year program called Montserrat, in which first-year students participate in a living-learning experience anchored by a yearlong seminar course.
The seminar courses are part of a thematic cluster of four to eight courses; students in the cluster live together in a common dormitory and participate in shared co-curricular events designed to
engage the entire cluster in intellectual discourse related to the theme....

Availability: FirstSearch indicates your institution subscribes to this publication. Libraries worldwide that own item: 701 University of Michigan Library Search the Mirlyn catalog at the
University of MichiganLocal Holdings Information: 28-; 2000-
External Resources: Cite This Item
Accession No: EJ1068685
Author(s): Mills, Kenneth V.
Title: Biochemistry in an Undergraduate Writing-Intensive First-Year Program: Seminar Courses in Drugs and Bioethics
Source: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education v43 n4 p263-272 Jul-Aug 2015 (10 pages)
Additional Info: Wiley-Blackwell. 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148. Tel: 800-835-6770; Tel: 781-388-8598; Fax: 781-388-8232; e-mail: cs-journals@wiley.com; Web site:
http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bmb.20878
Standard No: ISSN: 1470-8175
Language: English
Abstract: The College of the Holy Cross offers a universal first-year program called Montserrat, in which first-year students participate in a living-learning experience anchored by a
yearlong seminar course. The seminar courses are part of a thematic cluster of four to eight courses; students in the cluster live together in a common dormitory and participate in shared
co-curricular events designed to engage the entire cluster in intellectual discourse related to the theme. A two-semester seminar within the "Natural World" cluster was offered using biochemical
principles as the underlying content. In the first semester, students were introduced to drug design, activity and abuse via student presentations and guided readings on ethnobotany, drug laws, drug
use in religion, and prescription drug costs. In the second semester, students discussed primary readings in ethics followed by case study analyses of assisted reproduction technologies, informed
consent, genetic privacy, performance enhancing drugs and genetically modified organisms. Student learning outcomes were evaluated via rubrics and a College-facilitated survey.
Peer Reviewed: Yes
SUBJECT(S)
Descriptor: Undergraduate Students
Biochemistry
Seminars
Pharmaceutical Education
Drug Abuse
Botany
Legislation
Religious Factors
Drug Therapy
Costs
Ethics
Case Studies
Birth
Informed Consent
Privacy
Genetics
Student Centered Curriculum
Cooperative Learning
Dormitories
Identifier: Massachusetts
Note(s): Associated Inst: National Science Foundation (NSF); Education Level: Higher Education; Postsecondary Education
Document Type: Article (EJ)
Publication Type: Journal Articles; Reports - Research
Date of Entry: 2015; DEC2015
Provider: OCLC
Database: ERIC
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tobacco Cessation through Community Pharmacies: Knowledge, Attitudes, Practices and Perceived Barriers among Pharmacists in Penang

Nur Akmar Taha; Ooi Guat Tee
2015 English Article (EJ) 10 Health Education Journal, v74 n6 p681-690 Nov 2015 SAGE Publications. 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320. Tel: 800-818-7243; Tel: 805-499-9774; Fax: 800-583-2665;
e-mail: journals@sagepub.com; Web site: http://sagepub.com

Objectives: Tobacco cessation is the primary goal of tobacco control measures. Community pharmacists are possible providers of tobacco cessation counselling due to their close contact with the public
and the availability of non-prescription nicotine replacement therapies in pharmacies. However, community pharmacists often do not provide tobacco cessation interventions....

Availability: FirstSearch indicates your institution subscribes to this publication. Libraries worldwide that own item: 783 University of Michigan Library INDEPENDENT U-M LIBRARIES Search
the Mirlyn catalog at the University of MichiganLocal Holdings Information: 15-30,32-68; 1957-2009; 1943-
External Resources: Cite This Item
Accession No: EJ1078007
Author(s): Taha, Nur Akmar ; Tee, Ooi Guat
Title: Tobacco Cessation through Community Pharmacies: Knowledge, Attitudes, Practices and Perceived Barriers among Pharmacists in Penang
Source: Health Education Journal v74 n6 p681-690 Nov 2015 (10 pages)
Additional Info: SAGE Publications. 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320. Tel: 800-818-7243; Tel: 805-499-9774; Fax: 800-583-2665; e-mail: journals@sagepub.com; Web site: http://sagepub.com;
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0017896914558643
Standard No: ISSN: 0017-8969
Language: English
Abstract: Objectives: Tobacco cessation is the primary goal of tobacco control measures. Community pharmacists are possible providers of tobacco cessation counselling due to their close
contact with the public and the availability of non-prescription nicotine replacement therapies in pharmacies. However, community pharmacists often do not provide tobacco cessation interventions.
This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes, practices and perceived barriers to tobacco cessation counselling among community pharmacists in Penang, Malaysia. Design: Cross-sectional study.
Setting: Community pharmacies on Penang Island. Methods: A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to 107 registered pharmacists practising in community settings on Penang Island. Results:
The response rate was 79.4% (85/107), with very few (16/85, 18.8%) reporting participation in the certified tobacco cessation training. Among the respondents, 27.1% had high, 44.7% had moderate and
28.2% had high levels of knowledge, and those who attended the certified training displayed higher levels of knowledge of nicotine replacement therapies (p?0.05). Most respondents showed positive
attitudes towards tobacco cessation. However, the practice of tobacco cessation counselling based on the 5 As method was limited mainly to advising patients to quit smoking. The main barriers to
tobacco cessation counselling included a lack of patient demand (71.8%), lack of education materials (69.4%) and lack of time (68.2%). Conclusions: More effort should be made to increase
participation of community pharmacists in tobacco cessation continuing education, and strategies should be formulated to overcome barriers to tobacco cessation practice.
References: Number: 31
Peer Reviewed: Yes
SUBJECT(S)
Descriptor: Smoking
Health Promotion
Health Behavior
Knowledge Level
Barriers
Pharmacy
Professional Personnel
Community Programs
Drug Therapy
Counseling Techniques
Intervention
Questionnaires
Foreign Countries
Surveys
Attitude Measures
Statistical Analysis
Addictive Behavior
Identifier: Malaysia
Document Type: Article (EJ)
Publication Type: Journal Articles; Reports - Research
Date of Entry: 2015; DEC2015
Provider: OCLC
Database: ERIC
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Experience with a Drug Screening Program at a School of Pharmacy

Marshall E Cates; Michael D Hogue
2012 English Article (EJ) 5 Journal of American College Health, v60 n6 p476-480 2012 Routledge. Available from: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. 325 Chestnut Street Suite 800, Philadelphia, PA 19106. Tel:
800-354-1420; Fax: 215-625-2940; Web site: http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals

Substance use and abuse among pharmacy students is a concern of pharmacy schools, boards of pharmacy, and training sites alike. Pharmacy students must complete approximately 30% of their academic
coursework in experiential settings such as community pharmacies, hospitals, and other health systems as part of any accredited pharmacy school's curriculum, and these training sites are starting to
require drug testing of pharmacy students as part of their contractual agreements with schools of pharmacy....

Availability: FirstSearch indicates your institution subscribes to this publication. Libraries worldwide that own item: 1454 University of Michigan Library INDEPENDENT U-M LIBRARIES
Search the Mirlyn catalog at the University of MichiganLocal Holdings Information: 30-34,36-56; 1982-2007; 1994-
External Resources: Cite This Item
Accession No: EJ994453
Author(s): Cates, Marshall E. ; Hogue, Michael D.
Title: Experience with a Drug Screening Program at a School of Pharmacy
Source: Journal of American College Health v60 n6 p476-480 2012 (5 pages)
Additional Info: Routledge. Available from: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. 325 Chestnut Street Suite 800, Philadelphia, PA 19106. Tel: 800-354-1420; Fax: 215-625-2940; Web site:
http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals; http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2012.688780
Standard No: ISSN: 0744-8481
Language: English
Abstract: Substance use and abuse among pharmacy students is a concern of pharmacy schools, boards of pharmacy, and training sites alike. Pharmacy students must complete approximately 30%
of their academic coursework in experiential settings such as community pharmacies, hospitals, and other health systems as part of any accredited pharmacy school's curriculum, and these training
sites are starting to require drug testing of pharmacy students as part of their contractual agreements with schools of pharmacy. The authors describe the implementation of a mandatory random urine
drug screening program at their school as well as the changes that occurred owing to assessment of the program. The authors report the basic results to date of the drug screening program. The authors
also speculate on secondary benefits of the drug screening program. Finally, the authors describe current and future evaluations that they are undertaking regarding this program.
References: Number: 11
Peer Reviewed: Yes
SUBJECT(S)
Descriptor: Program Effectiveness
Screening Tests
Pharmaceutical Education
Hospitals
Drug Use Testing
Pharmacy
Substance Abuse
Program Descriptions
Medical Students
Note(s): Education Level: Higher Education
Document Type: Article (EJ)
Publication Type: Journal Articles; Reports - Research
Date of Entry: 2013; FEB2014
Provider: OCLC
Database: ERIC
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pharmacist Web-Based Training Program on Medication Use in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients: Impact on Knowledge, Skills, and Satisfaction

Marie-eve Legris; Noemie Charbonneau Seguin; Katherine Desforges; Patricia Sauve; Anne Lord; Robert Bell; Djamal Berbiche; Jean-Francois Desrochers; Jean-Philippe Lemieux; Claudia
Morin-Belanger; Francois Ste-Marie Paradis; Lyne Lalonde
2011 English Article (EJ) 11 Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions, v31 n3 p140-150 Sum 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Subscription Department, 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ
07030-5774. Tel: 800-825-7550; Tel: 201-748-6645; Fax: 201-748-6021; e-mail: subinfo@wiley.com; Web site: http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/browse/?type=JOURNAL

Introduction: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients are multimorbid elderly at high risk of drug-related problems. A Web-based training program was developed based on a list of significant
drug-related problems in CKD patients requiring a pharmaceutical intervention. The objectives were to evaluate the impact of the program on community pharmacists' knowledge and skills and their
satisfaction with the training....

Availability: FirstSearch indicates your institution subscribes to this publication. Libraries worldwide that own item: 1314 University of Michigan Library INDEPENDENT U-M LIBRARIES
Search the Mirlyn catalog at the University of MichiganLocal Holdings Information: 8-26; 1988-2006; 8-9; 1988-1989; 1988-
External Resources: Cite This Item
Accession No: EJ941168
Author(s): Legris, Marie-eve ; Seguin, Noemie Charbonneau ; Desforges, Katherine ; Sauve, Patricia ; Lord, Anne ; Bell, Robert ; Berbiche, Djamal ; Desrochers, Jean-Francois ; Lemieux,
Jean-Philippe ; Morin-Belanger, Claudia ; Paradis, Francois Ste-Marie ; Lalonde, Lyne
Title: Pharmacist Web-Based Training Program on Medication Use in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients: Impact on Knowledge, Skills, and Satisfaction
Source: Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions v31 n3 p140-150 Sum 2011 (11 pages)
Additional Info: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Subscription Department, 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774. Tel: 800-825-7550; Tel: 201-748-6645; Fax: 201-748-6021; e-mail: subinfo@wiley.com; Web
site: http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/browse/?type=JOURNAL; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chp.20119
Standard No: ISSN: 0894-1912
Language: English
Abstract: Introduction: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients are multimorbid elderly at high risk of drug-related problems. A Web-based training program was developed based on a list of
significant drug-related problems in CKD patients requiring a pharmaceutical intervention. The objectives were to evaluate the impact of the program on community pharmacists' knowledge and skills and
their satisfaction with the training. Methods: Pharmacists were randomized to the training program or the control group. Training comprised a 60-minute Web-based interactive session supported by a
clinical guide. Pharmacists completed a questionnaire on knowledge (10 multiple-choice questions) and skills (2 clinical vignettes) at baseline and a second time within 1 month. Trained pharmacists
completed a written satisfaction questionnaire. Semidirected telephone interviews were conducted with 8 trained pharmacists. Changes in knowledge and skills scores were compared between the groups.
Results: Seventy pharmacists (training: 52; control: 18) were recruited; the majority were women with less than 15 years' experience. Compared with the control group, an adjusted incremental increase
in the knowledge score (22%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 16%-27%) and skills score (24%; 95% CI: 16%-33%) was observed in the training group. Most pharmacists (87%-100%) rated each aspect of the
program "excellent" or "very good." Additional training and adding a discussion forum were suggested to complement the program. Discussion: Pharmacists like the Web-based continuing education
program. Over a short time span, the program improved their knowledge and skills. Its impact on their clinical practices and quality of medication use in CKD patients remains to be assessed.
(Contains 4 tables and 2 figures.)
References: Number: 39
Peer Reviewed: Yes
SUBJECT(S)
Descriptor: Control Groups
Continuing Education
Patients
Measures (Individuals)
Program Effectiveness
Chronic Illness
Intervention
Web Based Instruction
Pharmaceutical Education
Pharmacy
Health Personnel
Questionnaires
Interviews
Drug Therapy
Vignettes
Knowledge Level
Satisfaction
Skills
Foreign Countries
Identifier: Quebec
Note(s): Education Level: Postsecondary Education
Document Type: Article (EJ)
Publication Type: Journal Articles; Reports - Research
Date of Entry: 2011; FEB2014
Provider: OCLC
Database: ERIC
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Evaluation of a Combined Online and in Person Training in the Use of Buprenorphine

Erik W Gunderson; Frances R Levin; Herbert D Kleber; David A Fiellin; Lynn E Sullivan
2006 English Article (EJ) 7 Substance Abuse, v27 n3 p39-45 2006 Routledge. Available from: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. 325 Chestnut Street Suite 800, Philadelphia, PA 19106. Tel: 800-354-1420; Fax:
215-625-2940; Web site: http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals

To evaluate buprenorphine training methodology, we surveyed physicians who had completed a combined online and in person buprenorphine curriculum. Of 53/70 (76%) survey respondents, 57% were
psychiatrists and 40% generalists. On a scale of 1 (very poor) to 7 (superlative), the overall training rated a mean of 5.8. The online course (5.0) rated lower than in person training components (p
less than 0.001) except for material that addressed the logistics of office practice....

Availability: FirstSearch indicates your institution subscribes to this publication. Libraries worldwide that own item: 426 University of Michigan Library Search the Mirlyn catalog at the
University of Michigan
External Resources: Cite This Item
Accession No: EJ942591
Author(s): Gunderson, Erik W. ; Levin, Frances R. ; Kleber, Herbert D. ; Fiellin, David A. ; Sullivan, Lynn E.
Title: Evaluation of a Combined Online and in Person Training in the Use of Buprenorphine
Source: Substance Abuse v27 n3 p39-45 2006 (7 pages)
Additional Info: Routledge. Available from: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. 325 Chestnut Street Suite 800, Philadelphia, PA 19106. Tel: 800-354-1420; Fax: 215-625-2940; Web site:
http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals; http://www.informaworld.com/openurl?genre=article&id=doi:10.1300/J465v27n03_06
Standard No: ISSN: 0889-7077
Language: English
Abstract: To evaluate buprenorphine training methodology, we surveyed physicians who had completed a combined online and in person buprenorphine curriculum. Of 53/70 (76%) survey
respondents, 57% were psychiatrists and 40% generalists. On a scale of 1 (very poor) to 7 (superlative), the overall training rated a mean of 5.8. The online course (5.0) rated lower than in person
training components (p less than 0.001) except for material that addressed the logistics of office practice. The in person patient interview received the highest rating (mean 6.3, p less than 0.001).
The 67% of physicians who intended to prescribe buprenorphine after the training were more likely than hesitant physicians to agree that the course provided enough information (p less than 0.05) and
that telephone access to experienced providers would improve their confidence (p less than 0.05). Physicians hesitant to prescribe cited lack of experience as the main barrier (41%), with 24%
concerned about induction difficulty and reimbursement. Overall, physicians preferred in person instruction and may benefit from additional experiential training and support after curriculum
participation. (Contains 2 tables.)
References: Number: 12
Peer Reviewed: Yes
SUBJECT(S)
Descriptor: Physicians
Online Courses
Training Methods
Participant Satisfaction
Program Effectiveness
Intermode Differences
Conventional Instruction
Likert Scales
Medical Education
Pharmaceutical Education
Drug Addiction
Professional Development
Blended Learning
Note(s): Education Level: Adult Education
Document Type: Article (EJ)
Publication Type: Journal Articles; Reports - Research
Date of Entry: 2011; FEB2014
Provider: OCLC
Database: ERIC
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Utilizing Business, University, and Community Resources to Target Adolescent Prescription Drug Abuse

R Wade-Mdivanian; D Anderson-Butcher; K Hale; N Kwiek; J Smock; D Radigan; J Lineberger
2012 English Article (EJ) 4 Prevention Researcher, v19 n1 p17-20 2012 Integrated Research Services, Inc. 66 Club Road Suite 370, Eugene, OR 97401. Tel: 800-929-2955; Fax: 541-683-2621; Web site:
http://www.tpronline.org

"Generation Rx" is a prescription drug abuse prevention strategy which includes a "toolkit" designed to be used with youth. Developed by Cardinal Health Foundation and the Ohio State University, it
provides health care providers (especially pharmacists), parents, teachers, youth workers, and other community leaders with interactive tools and resources aimed at educating teens about the
realities and dangers of prescription drug abuse....

Availability: FirstSearch indicates your institution subscribes to this publication. Libraries worldwide that own item: 889 University of Michigan Library Search the Mirlyn catalog at the
University of MichiganLocal Holdings Information: 2005-
External Resources: Cite This Item
Accession No: EJ976379
Author(s): Wade-Mdivanian, R. ; Anderson-Butcher, D. ; Hale, K. ; Kwiek, N. ; Smock, J. ; Radigan, D. ; Lineberger, J.
Title: Utilizing Business, University, and Community Resources to Target Adolescent Prescription Drug Abuse
Source: Prevention Researcher v19 n1 p17-20 2012 (4 pages)
Additional Info: Integrated Research Services, Inc. 66 Club Road Suite 370, Eugene, OR 97401. Tel: 800-929-2955; Fax: 541-683-2621; Web site: http://www.tpronline.org;
http://www.tpronline.org/article.cfm/Target_Adolescent_Prescription_Drug_Abuse
Standard No: ISSN: 1086-4385
Language: English
Abstract: "Generation Rx" is a prescription drug abuse prevention strategy which includes a "toolkit" designed to be used with youth. Developed by Cardinal Health Foundation and the Ohio
State University, it provides health care providers (especially pharmacists), parents, teachers, youth workers, and other community leaders with interactive tools and resources aimed at educating
teens about the realities and dangers of prescription drug abuse. This article highlights Generation Rx, showcases how two community-based programs have implemented components of the toolkit, and
presents a preliminary assessment about its impact. (Contains 1 table.)
References: Number: 16
Peer Reviewed: Yes
SUBJECT(S)
Descriptor: Community Leaders
Prevention
Drug Abuse
Community Resources
Health Education
Parents
Teachers
Adolescents
Surveys
Adults
Youth
Middle School Students
High School Students
Foreign Countries
Identifier: Ohio; United States
Note(s): Education Level: High Schools; Middle Schools
Document Type: Article (EJ)
Publication Type: Journal Articles; Reports - Descriptive
Date of Entry: 2012; FEB2014
Provider: OCLC
Database: ERIC
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Assessing Substance Abuse among Health Care Students and the Efficacy of Educational Interventions.

Elizabeth Ann Coleman
1997 English Article (EJ) Journal of Professional Nursing, v13 n1 p28-37 Jan-Feb 1997

At entry, 185 nursing, 152 medical, 140 pharmacy, and 111 allied health students were surveyed; all but the medical students were resurveyed two years later following educational interventions.
Nursing students displayed more drug use than did pharmacy students, whose curriculum placed more emphasis on drug and alcohol education. (SK)

Availability: FirstSearch indicates your institution subscribes to this publication. Libraries worldwide that own item: 1460 University of Michigan Library Search the Mirlyn catalog at the
University of MichiganLocal Holdings Information: 1-22; 1985-2006; 1985-
External Resources: Cite This Item
Accession No: EJ537122
Author(s): Coleman, Elizabeth Ann ; And Others
Title: Assessing Substance Abuse among Health Care Students and the Efficacy of Educational Interventions.
Source: Journal of Professional Nursing v13 n1 p28-37 Jan-Feb 1997
Standard No: ISSN: 8755-7223
Language: English
Abstract: At entry, 185 nursing, 152 medical, 140 pharmacy, and 111 allied health students were surveyed; all but the medical students were resurveyed two years later following educational
interventions. Nursing students displayed more drug use than did pharmacy students, whose curriculum placed more emphasis on drug and alcohol education. (SK)
Peer Reviewed: Yes
SUBJECT(S)
Descriptor: Allied Health Occupations Education
Higher Education
Medical Education
Pharmaceutical Education
(Major): Alcohol Education
Attitude Change
Drug Education
Nursing Education
Substance Abuse
Document Type: Article (EJ)
Publication Type: Reports - Research; Journal Articles
Date of Entry: 1997; CIJJUN1997
Provider: OCLC
Database: ERIC
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A Conceptual Framework for Defining Pharmaceutical Diagnosis.

Vaughn L Culbertson
1997 English Article (EJ) American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, v61 n1 p12-18 Spr 1997

Describes a conceptual framework to help pharmacy students and practitioners identify and document drug-related problems. Presents a preliminary description and taxonomy, using principles established
within nursing's diagnostic structure, and discusses implications for contemporary pharmacy practice and education, including delineation of pharmacist responsibility, curriculum improvement,
pharmacist continuing education, organization of patient data, and documentation of outcomes. (MSE)

Availability: FirstSearch indicates your institution subscribes to this publication. Libraries worldwide that own item: 1082 University of Michigan Library INDEPENDENT U-M LIBRARIES
Search the Mirlyn catalog at the University of MichiganLocal Holdings Information: 1998-Local Holdings Information: 1-66,68-70,72-76; 1937-2012; 1994-
External Resources: Cite This Item
Accession No: EJ543024
Author(s): Culbertson, Vaughn L. ; And Others
Title: A Conceptual Framework for Defining Pharmaceutical Diagnosis.
Source: American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education v61 n1 p12-18 Spr 1997
Standard No: ISSN: 0002-9459
Language: English
Abstract: Describes a conceptual framework to help pharmacy students and practitioners identify and document drug-related problems. Presents a preliminary description and taxonomy, using
principles established within nursing's diagnostic structure, and discusses implications for contemporary pharmacy practice and education, including delineation of pharmacist responsibility,
curriculum improvement, pharmacist continuing education, organization of patient data, and documentation of outcomes. (MSE)
Peer Reviewed: Yes
SUBJECT(S)
Descriptor: Allied Health Occupations Education
Classification
Curriculum Development
Higher Education
Identification
Nursing
Outcomes of Treatment
Pharmacists
Professional Continuing Education
Professional Education
Recordkeeping
(Major): Clinical Diagnosis
Pharmaceutical Education
Pharmacy
Problem Solving
Document Type: Article (EJ)
Publication Type: Reports - Evaluative; Guides - Non-Classroom; Journal Articles
Date of Entry: 1997; CIJSEP1997
Provider: OCLC
Database: ERIC
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Comprehensive Health Care Program for American Indians & Alaska Natives.

Indian Health Service (PHS/HSA), Rockville, MD.
1994 English Document (ED) 55

This booklet summarizes programs of the Indian Health Service (IHS). The IHS was created in 1954 as part of the Public Health Service when responsibility for American Indian and Alaska Native health
care was transferred from the Department of the Interior's Bureau of Indian Affairs to the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. The goal of the IHS is to raise the health status of American
Indians and Alaska Natives to the highest possible level....

Availability: Connect to the Mirlyn catalog at the University of Michigan
Accession No: ED414114
Title: Comprehensive Health Care Program for American Indians & Alaska Natives.
Access ERIC: FullText
Corp Author(s): Indian Health Service (PHS/HSA), Rockville, MD.
Publication: 1994-00-00
Description: 55 p.
Language: English
Abstract: This booklet summarizes programs of the Indian Health Service (IHS). The IHS was created in 1954 as part of the Public Health Service when responsibility for American Indian and
Alaska Native health care was transferred from the Department of the Interior's Bureau of Indian Affairs to the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. The goal of the IHS is to raise the
health status of American Indians and Alaska Natives to the highest possible level. Since 1955 the average life expectancy for American Indians and Alaska Natives has risen 19%; mortality rate among
Indians with tuberculosis has decreased 96%; and infant mortality rates have decreased 85%. These improved health numbers are the result of stronger central program supervision, more qualified staff,
and an accelerated public health program, including establishment of public health clinics on all reservations. The booklet describes the following IHS programs: (1) health care programs (preventive
health services, emergency medical services, environmental health and engineering services, pharmacy services, contract health services, health education program, community-based programs, alcoholism
and substance abuse program, school-based programs, diabetes program, nutrition program, mental health program, community health representative program, dental program, laboratory program); (2)
special health concerns and initiatives (AIDS, maternal and child health, otitis media, nursing, aging, health care database management system, physician services); (3) IHS career opportunities and
training programs (IHS manpower program, advanced professional and specialty training, Commissioned Officer Student Training and Extern Program); and (4) paraprofessional training (community health
aide training, mental health worker training, nutrition and dietetics training, optometric assistant training, dental assistant training). The 12 Area Offices of the IHS health care delivery system
are also described. Includes photographs and a national map of IHS health facilities. (TSP)
SUBJECT(S)
Descriptor: American Indian Reservations
Delivery Systems
Elementary Secondary Education
Federal Indian Relationship
Health Education
Health Occupations
Health Services
Medical Education
Postsecondary Education
Special Health Problems
Technical Education
Tribes
(Major): Alaska Natives
Allied Health Occupations Education
American Indians
Health Programs
Public Health
Identifier: Indian Health Service
Note(s): Photographs may not reproduce adequately.
Document Type: Document (ED)
Publication Type: Reports - Descriptive
Availability: Level: 1
Date of Entry: 1998; RIEAPR1998
Provider: OCLC
Database: ERIC
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Incorporation of Ability-Based Outcome Education into Pharmacotherapeutics Using an Expanded S.O.A.P. Format.

Carla Wallace; Kari L Franson
1996 English Article (EJ) American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, v60 n1 p87-93 Spr 1996

An undergraduate pharmacy class in drug therapy was taught using a problem-solving approach and standardized case studies, with teacher feedback provided on case presentations using specific
performance criteria. It was found that the teaching approach was successful in develop students' ability to apply pharmacotherapeutics in creation of patient care plans....

Availability: FirstSearch indicates your institution subscribes to this publication. Libraries worldwide that own item: 1082 University of Michigan Library INDEPENDENT U-M LIBRARIES
Search the Mirlyn catalog at the University of MichiganLocal Holdings Information: 1998-Local Holdings Information: 1-66,68-70,72-76; 1937-2012; 1994-
External Resources: Cite This Item
Accession No: EJ522993
Author(s): Wallace, Carla ; Franson, Kari L.
Title: Incorporation of Ability-Based Outcome Education into Pharmacotherapeutics Using an Expanded S.O.A.P. Format.
Source: American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education v60 n1 p87-93 Spr 1996
Standard No: ISSN: 0002-9459
Language: English
Abstract: An undergraduate pharmacy class in drug therapy was taught using a problem-solving approach and standardized case studies, with teacher feedback provided on case presentations
using specific performance criteria. It was found that the teaching approach was successful in develop students' ability to apply pharmacotherapeutics in creation of patient care plans. (Author/MSE)
Peer Reviewed: Yes
SUBJECT(S)
Descriptor: Allied Health Occupations Education
Higher Education
Problem Solving
Professional Education
(Major): Case Studies
Competency Based Education
Drug Therapy
Instructional Design
Pharmaceutical Education
Problem Based Learning
Teaching Models
Document Type: Article (EJ)
Publication Type: Reports - Evaluative; Journal Articles
Date of Entry: 1996; CIJSEP1996
Provider: OCLC
Database: ERIC
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tools for Prevention: Building Healthy Youths. A Training Program for: School Counselors, School Nurses, School Psychologists. Participant Manual.

Maxie P Kohler; Charles B Jr Collins
1995 English Document (ED) 204

This training program participants' manual is designed to assist K-12 school counselors, nurses, and psychologists in offering aid to youths at risk for substance abuse. The training objectives for
participants in the workshop are to be able to demonstrate: (1) competence in knowledge of basic substance abuse information to include age-appropriate signs and symptoms of substance abuse in
students; (2) competency at recognizing age-appropriate risk/resiliency factors of students; (3) knowledge of pharmacological effects of substances on students' physical, cognitive, and
social/emotional well-being; (4) skill at developing basic prevention activities/programs including but not limited to Student Assistance Programs (SAP); and (5) skill for appropriate counseling and
referral techniques for youths at risk of substance abuse....

Availability: Connect to the Mirlyn catalog at the University of Michigan
Accession No: ED387763
Title: Tools for Prevention: Building Healthy Youths. A Training Program for: School Counselors, School Nurses, School Psychologists. Participant Manual.
Access ERIC: FullText
Author(s): Kohler, Maxie P. ; Collins, Charles B., Jr.
Publication: 1995-00-00
Description: 204 p.
Language: English
Abstract: This training program participants' manual is designed to assist K-12 school counselors, nurses, and psychologists in offering aid to youths at risk for substance abuse. The
training objectives for participants in the workshop are to be able to demonstrate: (1) competence in knowledge of basic substance abuse information to include age-appropriate signs and symptoms of
substance abuse in students; (2) competency at recognizing age-appropriate risk/resiliency factors of students; (3) knowledge of pharmacological effects of substances on students' physical,
cognitive, and social/emotional well-being; (4) skill at developing basic prevention activities/programs including but not limited to Student Assistance Programs (SAP); and (5) skill for appropriate
counseling and referral techniques for youths at risk of substance abuse. Chapters are: (1) Introductions; (2) Connections between Substance Use and Academics; (3) Signs and Symptoms of Substance
Use; (4) Psychopharmacology; (5) Professional Communication Skills; (6) Legal and Ethical Issues; (7) Risk, Resiliency and Protective Factors; (8) Children of Substance Using Parents; (9) Best
Practices in Prevention; and (10) Resource Directory (not included). (JBJ)
SUBJECT(S)
Descriptor: Academic Achievement
Alcohol Abuse
Communication Skills
Counselor Training
Drug Abuse
Elementary Secondary Education
Health Education
Health Services
Intervention
Prevention
Psychologists
School Counseling
Self Destructive Behavior
Skill Development
Symptoms (Individual Disorders)
Teaching Guides
Training
Training Objectives
(Major): At Risk Persons
Child Health
School Counselors
School Nurses
School Psychologists
Substance Abuse
Identifier: Children of Alcoholics
Note(s): For corresponding Trainer Manual, see CG 026 572./ Audience: Counselors/ Practitioners/ Students; Associated Inst: Alabama State Dept. of Education, Montgomery.;
Office of Elementary and Secondary Education, Washington, DC. School Improvement Programs.
Document Type: Document (ED)
Publication Type: Guides - Classroom - Learner
Availability: Level: 1
Date of Entry: 1996; RIEMAR1996
Provider: OCLC
Database: ERIC
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tools for Prevention: Building Healthy Youths. A Training Program for: School Counselors, School Nurses, School Psychologists. Trainer Manual.

Maxie P Kohler; Charles B Jr Collins
1995 English Document (ED) 224

This training program instructor's manual is designed to assist K-12 school counselors, nurses, and psychologists in offering aid to youths at risk for substance abuse. The training objectives for
participants in the workshop are to be able to demonstrate: (1) competence in knowledge of basic substance abuse information to include age-appropriate signs and symptoms of substance abuse in
students; (2) competency at recognizing age-appropriate risk/resiliency factors of students; (3) knowledge of pharmacological effects of substances on students' physical, cognitive, and
social/emotional well-being; (4) skill at developing basic prevention activities/programs including but not limited to Student Assistance Programs (SAP); and (5) skill for appropriate counseling and
referral techniques for youths at risk of substance abuse....

Availability: Connect to the Mirlyn catalog at the University of Michigan
Accession No: ED387764
Title: Tools for Prevention: Building Healthy Youths. A Training Program for: School Counselors, School Nurses, School Psychologists. Trainer Manual.
Access ERIC: FullText
Author(s): Kohler, Maxie P. ; Collins, Charles B., Jr.
Publication: 1995-00-00
Description: 224 p.
Language: English
Abstract: This training program instructor's manual is designed to assist K-12 school counselors, nurses, and psychologists in offering aid to youths at risk for substance abuse. The
training objectives for participants in the workshop are to be able to demonstrate: (1) competence in knowledge of basic substance abuse information to include age-appropriate signs and symptoms of
substance abuse in students; (2) competency at recognizing age-appropriate risk/resiliency factors of students; (3) knowledge of pharmacological effects of substances on students' physical,
cognitive, and social/emotional well-being; (4) skill at developing basic prevention activities/programs including but not limited to Student Assistance Programs (SAP); and (5) skill for appropriate
counseling and referral techniques for youths at risk of substance abuse. Chapters are: (1) Introductions; (2) Connections between Substance Use and Academics; (3) Signs and Symptoms of Substance
Use; (4) Psychopharmacology; (5) Professional Communication Skills; (6) Legal and Ethical Issues; (7) Risk, Resiliency and Protective Factors; (8) Children of Substance Using Parents; (9) Best
Practices in Prevention; and (10) Resource Directory (not included). Includes activity instructions and facilitation notes, in addition to the resources and activity sheets found in the participant
manual. (JBJ)
SUBJECT(S)
Descriptor: Academic Achievement
Alcohol Abuse
Communication Skills
Counselor Training
Drug Abuse
Elementary Secondary Education
Health Education
Health Services
Intervention
Prevention
Psychologists
School Counseling
Self Destructive Behavior
Skill Development
Symptoms (Individual Disorders)
Teaching Guides
Training
Training Objectives
(Major): At Risk Persons
Child Health
School Counselors
School Nurses
School Psychologists
Substance Abuse
Identifier: Children of Alcoholics
Note(s): For the corresponding Participant Manual, see CG 0/ Audience: Counselors/ Practitioners/ Teachers; Associated Inst: Alabama State Dept. of Education, Montgomery.;
Office of Elementary and Secondary Education, Washington, DC. School Improvement Programs.
Document Type: Document (ED)
Publication Type: Guides - Classroom - Teacher
Availability: Level: 1
Date of Entry: 1996; RIEMAR1996
Provider: OCLC
Database: ERIC
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
AmbCare--A Relational Database for Implementing a Community Pharmacy Ambulatory Care Teaching Program: A Descriptive Report.

Edward O Magarian; Charles D Peterson
1995 English Article (EJ) American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, v59 n3 p256-65 Fall 1995

An IBM-compatible information storage and retrieval software program was developed to support an eight-week community pharmacy ambulatory care clerkship for entry-level Doctor of Pharmacy students.
The program helps evaluate and identify patients for health and medication problems, perform patient risk-factor assessment, monitor drug therapy, monitor and screen patient health condition, and
assist pharmacies in satisfying federal reporting requirements. (MSE)

Availability: FirstSearch indicates your institution subscribes to this publication. Libraries worldwide that own item: 1082 University of Michigan Library INDEPENDENT U-M LIBRARIES
Search the Mirlyn catalog at the University of MichiganLocal Holdings Information: 1998-Local Holdings Information: 1-66,68-70,72-76; 1937-2012; 1994-
External Resources: Cite This Item
Accession No: EJ516414
Author(s): Magarian, Edward O. ; Peterson, Charles D.
Title: AmbCare--A Relational Database for Implementing a Community Pharmacy Ambulatory Care Teaching Program: A Descriptive Report.
Source: American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education v59 n3 p256-65 Fall 1995
Standard No: ISSN: 0002-9459
Language: English
Abstract: An IBM-compatible information storage and retrieval software program was developed to support an eight-week community pharmacy ambulatory care clerkship for entry-level Doctor of
Pharmacy students. The program helps evaluate and identify patients for health and medication problems, perform patient risk-factor assessment, monitor drug therapy, monitor and screen patient health
condition, and assist pharmacies in satisfying federal reporting requirements. (MSE)
Peer Reviewed: Yes
SUBJECT(S)
Descriptor: Allied Health Occupations Education
Compliance (Legal)
Computer Software
Databases
Federal Regulation
Higher Education
Professional Education
Program Administration
Program Descriptions
(Major): Clinical Experience
Field Experience Programs
Management Information Systems
Pharmaceutical Education
Identifier: Ambulatory Health Care
Document Type: Article (EJ)
Publication Type: Reports - Descriptive; Journal Articles
Date of Entry: 1996; CIJMAY1996
Provider: OCLC
Database: ERIC
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A Randomized Control Trial Examining the Effect of Acceptance and Commitment Training on Clinician Willingness to Use Evidence-Based Pharmacotherapy

Alethea A Varra; Steven C Hayes; Nancy Roget; Gary Fisher
2008 English Article (EJ) 10 Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, v76 n3 p449-458 Jun 2008 American Psychological Association. Journals Department, 750 First Street NE, Washington, DC
20002-4242. Tel: 800-374-2721; Tel: 202-336-5510; Fax: 202-336-5502; e-mail: order@apa.org; Web site: http://www.apa.org/publications

This study evaluated the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment training (ACT) for increasing drug and alcohol counselors' willingness to use evidence-based agonist and antagonist
pharmacotherapy. Fifty-nine drug and alcohol counselors were randomly assigned to either a 1-day ACT workshop or a 1-day educational control workshop. Both groups then attended a 2-day workshop on
empirically supported treatments for substance abuse....

Availability: FirstSearch indicates your institution subscribes to this publication. Libraries worldwide that own item: 1988 University of Michigan Library INDEPENDENT U-M LIBRARIES
Search the Mirlyn catalog at the University of MichiganLocal Holdings Information: 32-59; 1968-1991; 58-77; 1990-2009; 32-; 1968-; 32-57; 1968-1989
External Resources: Cite This Item
Accession No: EJ798562
Author(s): Varra, Alethea A. ; Hayes, Steven C. ; Roget, Nancy ; Fisher, Gary
Title: A Randomized Control Trial Examining the Effect of Acceptance and Commitment Training on Clinician Willingness to Use Evidence-Based Pharmacotherapy
Source: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology v76 n3 p449-458 Jun 2008 (10 pages)
Additional Info: American Psychological Association. Journals Department, 750 First Street NE, Washington, DC 20002-4242. Tel: 800-374-2721; Tel: 202-336-5510; Fax: 202-336-5502; e-mail:
order@apa.org; Web site: http://www.apa.org/publications; http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.76.3.449
Standard No: ISSN: 0022-006X
Language: English
Abstract: This study evaluated the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment training (ACT) for increasing drug and alcohol counselors' willingness to use evidence-based agonist and
antagonist pharmacotherapy. Fifty-nine drug and alcohol counselors were randomly assigned to either a 1-day ACT workshop or a 1-day educational control workshop. Both groups then attended a 2-day
workshop on empirically supported treatments for substance abuse. Measures were taken at pre- and posttraining and 3-month follow-up on reported use of pharmacotherapy, willingness to use
pharmacotherapy, perceived barriers to implementing new treatments, and general acceptance. As compared with those in the education alone condition, participants in the ACT condition showed
significantly higher rates of referrals to pharmacotherapy at follow-up, rated barriers to learning new treatments as less believable at posttraining and follow-up, and showed greater psychological
flexibility at posttraining and follow-up. Mediational analyses indicated that reduced believability of barriers and greater psychological flexibility mediated the impact of the intervention. Results
support the idea that acceptance-based interventions may be helpful in addressing the psychological factors related to poor adoption of evidence-based treatments. (Contains 3 tables and 2 figures.)
References: Number: 57
Peer Reviewed: Yes
SUBJECT(S)
Descriptor: Substance Abuse
Counselor Training
Psychology
Workshops
Measures (Individuals)
Drug Therapy
Intervention
Scientific Research
Alcohol Abuse
Document Type: Article (EJ)
Publication Type: Journal Articles; Reports - Evaluative
Date of Entry: 2008; FEB2014
Provider: OCLC
Database: ERIC
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Yohimbine Impairs Extinction of Cocaine-Conditioned Place Preference in an [alpha] [subscript 2]-Adrenergic Receptor Independent Process

Adeola R Davis; Angela D Shields; Jonathan L Brigman; Maxine Norcross; Zoe A McElligott; Andrew Holmes; Danny G Winder
2008 English Article (EJ) 10 Learning & Memory, v15 n9 p667-676 Sep 2008 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. 500 Sunnyside Boulevard, Woodbury, NY 11797-2924. Tel: 800-843-4388; Tel: 516-367-8800;
Fax: 516-422-4097; e-mail: cshpres@cshl.edu; Web site: http://www.learnmem.org/

Extinction, a form of learning that has the ability to reshape learned behavior based on new experiences, has been heavily studied utilizing fear learning paradigms. Mechanisms underlying extinction
of positive-valence associations, such as drug self-administration and place preference, are poorly understood yet may have important relevance to addiction treatment....

Availability: FirstSearch indicates your institution subscribes to this publication. Libraries worldwide that own item: 619 University of Michigan Library Search the Mirlyn catalog at the
University of MichiganLocal Holdings Information: 1-15; 1994-2008; 5-; 1998-
External Resources: Cite This Item
Accession No: EJ809452
Author(s): Davis, Adeola R. ; Shields, Angela D. ; Brigman, Jonathan L. ; Norcross, Maxine ; McElligott, Zoe A. ; Holmes, Andrew ; Winder, Danny G.
Title: Yohimbine Impairs Extinction of Cocaine-Conditioned Place Preference in an [alpha] [subscript 2]-Adrenergic Receptor Independent Process
Source: Learning & Memory v15 n9 p667-676 Sep 2008 (10 pages)
Additional Info: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. 500 Sunnyside Boulevard, Woodbury, NY 11797-2924. Tel: 800-843-4388; Tel: 516-367-8800; Fax: 516-422-4097; e-mail: cshpres@cshl.edu; Web site:
http://www.learnmem.org/; http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/lm.1079308
Standard No: ISSN: 1072-0502
Language: English
Abstract: Extinction, a form of learning that has the ability to reshape learned behavior based on new experiences, has been heavily studied utilizing fear learning paradigms. Mechanisms
underlying extinction of positive-valence associations, such as drug self-administration and place preference, are poorly understood yet may have important relevance to addiction treatment. Data
suggest a major role for the noradrenergic system in extinction of fear-based learning. Employing both pharmacological and genetic approaches, we investigated the role of the [alpha] [subscript
2]-adrenergic receptor ([alpha] [subscript 2]-AR) in extinction of cocaine-conditioned place preference (CPP) and glutamatergic transmission in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST). We
found that pre-extinction systemic treatment with the [alpha] [subscript 2]-AR antagonist yohimbine impaired cocaine CPP extinction in C57BL/6J mice, an effect that was not mimicked by the more
selective [alpha] [subscript 2]-AR antagonist, atipamezole. Moreover, [alpha] [subscript 2A]-AR knockout mice exhibited similar cocaine CPP extinction and exacerbated extinction impairing effects of
yohimbine. Using acute brain slices and electrophysiological approaches, we found that yohimbine produces a slowly evolving depression of glutamatergic transmission in the BNST that was not mimicked
by atipamezole. Further, this action was extant in slices from [alpha] [subscript 2A]-AR knockout mice. Our data strongly suggest that extinction-modifying effects of yohimbine are unlikely to be due
to actions at [alpha] [subscript 2A]-ARs.
Peer Reviewed: Yes
SUBJECT(S)
Descriptor: Animals
Substance Abuse
Cocaine
Fear
Depression (Psychology)
Behavior Change
Learning Processes
Therapy
Genetics
Pharmacology
Conditioning
Brain
Diagnostic Tests
Drug Therapy
Document Type: Article (EJ)
Publication Type: Journal Articles; Reports - Research
Date of Entry: 2008; FEB2014
Provider: OCLC
Database: ERIC
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
An Innovative Pharmaceutical Care Practical Course

N R Bulatova; S Aburuz; A M Yousef
2007 English Article (EJ) 12 Advances in Health Sciences Education, v12 n2 p211-222 May 2007 Springer. 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013. Tel: 800-777-4643; Tel: 212-460-1500; Fax: 212-348-4505;
e-mail: service-ny@springer.com; Web site: http://www.springerlink.com

The innovative practical course was developed to improve the students' ability to acquire pharmaceutical care skills. The primary components of the course were in-school training using small group
discussions and hospital experience including identification, analysis, prevention and resolution of drug-therapy problems, patient counseling on their medications and diseases, and interaction with
medical team....

Availability: FirstSearch indicates your institution subscribes to this publication. Libraries worldwide that own item: 657 University of Michigan Library Search the Mirlyn catalog at the
University of MichiganLocal Holdings Information: 1-; 1996-
External Resources: Cite This Item
Accession No: EJ812977
Author(s): Bulatova, N. R. ; Aburuz, S. ; Yousef, A. M.
Title: An Innovative Pharmaceutical Care Practical Course
Source: Advances in Health Sciences Education v12 n2 p211-222 May 2007 (12 pages)
Additional Info: Springer. 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013. Tel: 800-777-4643; Tel: 212-460-1500; Fax: 212-348-4505; e-mail: service-ny@springer.com; Web site: http://www.springerlink.com;
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10459-006-0001-8
Standard No: ISSN: 1382-4996
Language: English
Abstract: The innovative practical course was developed to improve the students' ability to acquire pharmaceutical care skills. The primary components of the course were in-school training
using small group discussions and hospital experience including identification, analysis, prevention and resolution of drug-therapy problems, patient counseling on their medications and diseases, and
interaction with medical team. Specific objectives of the research were to (1) compare students' performance before and after the course, (2) measure students' perceptions of their pharmaceutical
care skills before and after the course, (3) determine students' perception of the value of the course. Statistical comparison of pre-test and post-test grades indicated both a retention and
acquiring pharmaceutical care skills. A pre-course and post-course survey instrument was designed to measure students' perception of their pharmaceutical care skills. Perception of most of the items
of the survey was significantly improved at the end of the course. Overall, the majority of students were highly satisfied with the course. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that the
innovative pharmaceutical care practical course was successfully introduced.
Peer Reviewed: Yes
SUBJECT(S)
Descriptor: Pharmaceutical Education
Student Attitudes
Pharmacology
Clinical Experience
Discussion (Teaching Technique)
Prevention
Drug Therapy
Patient Education
Comparative Analysis
Pretests Posttests
Diseases
Surveys
Note(s): Education Level: Higher Education; Postsecondary Education
Document Type: Article (EJ)
Publication Type: Journal Articles; Reports - Research
Date of Entry: 2008; FEB2014
Provider: OCLC
Database: ERIC
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Impact of Commercial Support on Continuing Pharmacy Education

Jayne L Smith; Ronald M Cervero; Thomas Valentine
2006 English Article (EJ) 11 Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions, v26 n4 p302-312 Fall 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Subscription Department, 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ
07030-5774. Tel: 800-825-7550; Tel: 201-748-6645; Fax: 201-748-6021; e-mail: subinfo@wiley.com; Web site: http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/browse/?type=JOURNAL

Introduction: There is a serious debate over the involvement of the pharmaceutical industry in continuing education. Policies that govern the planning of continuing education for pharmacists center
on the potential conflict of interest when there is commercial support for programs. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of commercial support on the provision and perceived
outcomes of continuing pharmacy education....

Availability: FirstSearch indicates your institution subscribes to this publication. Libraries worldwide that own item: 1314 University of Michigan Library INDEPENDENT U-M LIBRARIES
Search the Mirlyn catalog at the University of MichiganLocal Holdings Information: 8-26; 1988-2006; 8-9; 1988-1989; 1988-
External Resources: Cite This Item
Accession No: EJ759261
Author(s): Smith, Jayne L. ; Cervero, Ronald M. ; Valentine, Thomas
Title: Impact of Commercial Support on Continuing Pharmacy Education
Source: Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions v26 n4 p302-312 Fall 2006 (11 pages)
Additional Info: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Subscription Department, 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774. Tel: 800-825-7550; Tel: 201-748-6645; Fax: 201-748-6021; e-mail: subinfo@wiley.com; Web
site: http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/browse/?type=JOURNAL; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chp.83
Standard No: ISSN: 0894-1912
Language: English
Abstract: Introduction: There is a serious debate over the involvement of the pharmaceutical industry in continuing education. Policies that govern the planning of continuing education for
pharmacists center on the potential conflict of interest when there is commercial support for programs. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of commercial support on the provision
and perceived outcomes of continuing pharmacy education. Methods: A survey was administered online to a national sample of accredited providers of continuing pharmacy education, resulting in 134
responses. The 64-item survey was developed to measure the planning practices of these providers and their perceptions of the educational and noneducational consequences of commercial support for
continuing education. Results: One hundred thirty-four usable questionnaires (34%) were received from 386 leaders in pharmacy education. Approximately 86% of providers and 43% of programs received
commercial support. Although the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education requires that providers review instructional content and materials for commercially supported programs before delivery,
only 43% always did so. Commercial support was perceived to have consequences for provider organizations, pharmacists, and patients, such as increased cost and use of drugs and financial dependency
of providers and participants on industry support. Discussion: The results of our study lead to the conclusions that commercial support of continuing education is widespread, affects continuing
education programs, and is perceived to have significant educational and noneducational consequences. The profession should ensure that continuing education guidelines are unambiguous related to
specific practices that are allowable and unallowable when receiving commercial support. Future research should study the consequences of commercial support behaviorally by examining the effects on
pharmacy professionals' practice and pharmaceutical care.
Peer Reviewed: Yes
SUBJECT(S)
Descriptor: Pharmacy
Industry
Corporate Support
Pharmaceutical Education
Conflict of Interest
Professional Continuing Education
Surveys
School Business Relationship
Note(s): Education Level: Adult Education
Document Type: Article (EJ)
Publication Type: Journal Articles; Reports - Research
Date of Entry: 2007; FEB2014
Provider: OCLC
Database: ERIC
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Early Patient-Oriented Care Program as an Educational Tool and Service.

Darren W Grabe; George R Bailie; Harold J Manley; Barbara F Yeaw
1998 English Article (EJ) American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, v62 n3 p279-84 Fall 1998

The Early Patient-Oriented Care Program provides early clinical education for pharmacy students and clinical services for patients. Six students were assigned to visit 12-15 hemodialysis patients
monthly under preceptor supervision. Topics covered include approach to patient, medical information retrieval, pharmaceutical care philosophy, medication reviews, and identification of drug-related
problems targeted on anemia and renal bone disease....

Availability: FirstSearch indicates your institution subscribes to this publication. Libraries worldwide that own item: 1082 University of Michigan Library INDEPENDENT U-M LIBRARIES
Search the Mirlyn catalog at the University of MichiganLocal Holdings Information: 1998-Local Holdings Information: 1-66,68-70,72-76; 1937-2012; 1994-
External Resources: Cite This Item
Accession No: EJ575715
Author(s): Grabe, Darren W. ; Bailie, George R. ; Manley, Harold J. ; Yeaw, Barbara F.
Title: The Early Patient-Oriented Care Program as an Educational Tool and Service.
Source: American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education v62 n3 p279-84 Fall 1998
Standard No: ISSN: 0002-9459
Language: English
Abstract: The Early Patient-Oriented Care Program provides early clinical education for pharmacy students and clinical services for patients. Six students were assigned to visit 12-15
hemodialysis patients monthly under preceptor supervision. Topics covered include approach to patient, medical information retrieval, pharmaceutical care philosophy, medication reviews, and
identification of drug-related problems targeted on anemia and renal bone disease. (Author/MSE)
Peer Reviewed: Yes
SUBJECT(S)
Descriptor: Allied Health Occupations Education
Course Content
Higher Education
Information Retrieval
Undergraduate Study
(Major): Clinical Experience
Drug Therapy
Health Services
Patients
Pharmaceutical Education
Identifier: Hemodialysis
Document Type: Article (EJ)
Publication Type: Journal Articles; Reports - Evaluative
Date of Entry: 1999; CIJJUL1999
Provider: OCLC
Database: ERIC
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Integrating Pharmacology Topics in High School Biology and Chemistry Classes Improves Performance

Rochelle D Schwartz-Bloom; Myra J Halpin
2003 English Article (EJ) 17 Journal of Research in Science Teaching, v40 n9 p922-938 Nov 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Subscription Department, 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774. Tel:
800-825-7550; Tel: 201-748-6645; Fax: 201-748-6021; e-mail: subinfo@wiley.com; Web site: http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/browse/?type=JOURNAL

Although numerous programs have been developed for Grade Kindergarten through 12 science education, evaluation has been difficult owing to the inherent problems conducting controlled experiments in
the typical classroom. Using a rigorous experimental design, we developed and tested a novel program containing a series of pharmacology modules (e.g., drug abuse) to help high school students learn
basic principles in biology and chemistry....

Availability: FirstSearch indicates your institution subscribes to this publication. Libraries worldwide that own item: 1182 University of Michigan Library Search the Mirlyn catalog at the
University of MichiganLocal Holdings Information: 1-; 1963-; 1-21; 1963-1984; 6-12,14-18,22-46; 1969-1975,1977-1981,1985-2009
External Resources: Cite This Item
Accession No: EJ772927
Author(s): Schwartz-Bloom, Rochelle D. ; Halpin, Myra J.
Title: Integrating Pharmacology Topics in High School Biology and Chemistry Classes Improves Performance
Source: Journal of Research in Science Teaching v40 n9 p922-938 Nov 2003 (17 pages)
Additional Info: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Subscription Department, 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774. Tel: 800-825-7550; Tel: 201-748-6645; Fax: 201-748-6021; e-mail: subinfo@wiley.com; Web
site: http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/browse/?type=JOURNAL; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tea.10116
Standard No: ISSN: 0022-4308
Language: English
Abstract: Although numerous programs have been developed for Grade Kindergarten through 12 science education, evaluation has been difficult owing to the inherent problems conducting
controlled experiments in the typical classroom. Using a rigorous experimental design, we developed and tested a novel program containing a series of pharmacology modules (e.g., drug abuse) to help
high school students learn basic principles in biology and chemistry. High school biology and chemistry teachers were recruited for the study and they attended a 1-week workshop to learn how to
integrate pharmacology into their teaching. Working with university pharmacology faculty, they also developed classroom activities. The following year, teachers field-tested the pharmacology modules
in their classrooms. Students in classrooms using the pharmacology topics scored significantly higher on a multiple choice test of basic biology and chemistry concepts compared with controls. Very
large effect sizes (up to 1.27 standard deviations) were obtained when teachers used as many as four modules. In addition, biology students increased performance on chemistry questions and chemistry
students increased performance on biology questions. Substantial gains in achievement may be made when high school students are taught science using topics that are interesting and relevant to their
own lives. (Contains 3 notes, 7 tables, and 2 figures.)
References: Number: 24
Peer Reviewed: Yes
SUBJECT(S)
Descriptor: Teaching Methods
High School Students
High Schools
Research Design
Pharmacology
Learning Activities
Class Activities
Biology
Multiple Choice Tests
Effect Size
Chemistry
Science Instruction
Program Evaluation
Workshops
Scientific Concepts
Scores
Control Groups
Achievement Gains
Note(s): Target Audience: Teachers; Education Level: High Schools
Document Type: Article (EJ)
Publication Type: Journal Articles; Reports - Research
Date of Entry: 2007; FEB2014
Provider: OCLC
Database: ERIC
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Piquing Student Interest with Pharmacology: An Interdisciplinary Program Helps High School Students Learn Biology and Chemistry Principles

Myra J Halpin; Leanne Hoeffler; Rochelle D Schwartz-Bloom
2005 English Article (EJ) 4 Science Teacher, v72 n8 p48 Nov 2005 National Science Teachers Association, 1840 Wilson Boulevard, Arlington, VA 22201-3000. Tel: 800-722-6782 (Toll Free); Web site:
http://www.nsta.org.

To help students learn science concepts, Pharmacology Education Partnership (PEP)--a science education program that incorporates relevant topics related to drugs and drug abuse into standard biology
and chemistry curricula was developed. The interdisciplinary PEP curriculum provides six modules to teach biology and chemistry principles within the context of pharmacology topics (e.g....

Availability: FirstSearch indicates your institution subscribes to this publication. Libraries worldwide that own item: 1902 University of Michigan Library Search the Mirlyn catalog at the
University of MichiganLocal Holdings Information: 57-; 1990-; 21-30,32-56; 1954-1963,1965-1989; 1989-
External Resources: Cite This Item
Accession No: EJ727911
Author(s): Halpin, Myra J. ; Hoeffler, Leanne ; Schwartz-Bloom, Rochelle D.
Title: Piquing Student Interest with Pharmacology: An Interdisciplinary Program Helps High School Students Learn Biology and Chemistry Principles
Source: Science Teacher v72 n8 p48 Nov 2005 (4 pages)
Additional Info: National Science Teachers Association, 1840 Wilson Boulevard, Arlington, VA 22201-3000. Tel: 800-722-6782 (Toll Free); Web site: http://www.nsta.org.
Standard No: ISSN: 0036-8555
Language: English
Abstract: To help students learn science concepts, Pharmacology Education Partnership (PEP)--a science education program that incorporates relevant topics related to drugs and drug abuse
into standard biology and chemistry curricula was developed. The interdisciplinary PEP curriculum provides six modules to teach biology and chemistry principles within the context of pharmacology
topics (e.g., drugs of abuse, nerve gas). Teaching modules include catchy names, such as "Acids, Bases, and Cocaine Addicts," "Steroids and Athletes: Genes Work Overtime," and "How Do Drugs Damage
Neurons: It's Radical!". To date, PEP has provided professional development for 300 biology and chemistry teachers participating in the studies (and another 100 teachers at ongoing workshops).
National field-testing of the curriculum in approximately 16,000 students reveals that the more PEP modules the teachers use, the better their students perform on tests of biology and chemistry
concepts. An additional benefit of this approach might also be to students make intelligent decisions about drug use, although this remains to be tested. Substantial gains in achievement may be
possible when high school students are taught science using topics that are interesting and relevant to their lives.
References: Number: 6
Peer Reviewed: Yes
SUBJECT(S)
Descriptor: Teaching Methods
Student Interests
Pharmacology
Biology
Drug Abuse
Chemistry
High School Students
Student Motivation
Learning Modules
Science Education
Interdisciplinary Approach
Faculty Development
Drug Education
Scientific Concepts
Identifier: United States
Note(s): Education Level: High Schools
Document Type: Article (EJ)
Publication Type: Journal Articles; Opinion Papers; Reports - Descriptive
Date of Entry: 2006; FEB2014
Provider: OCLC
Database: ERIC
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------