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Long- term dynamics of shrub facilitation shape the mixing of evergreen and deciduous oaks in Mediterranean abandoned fields

dc.contributor.authorCruz‐alonso, Verónica
dc.contributor.authorVillar‐salvador, Pedro
dc.contributor.authorRuiz‐benito, Paloma
dc.contributor.authorIbáñez, Inés
dc.contributor.authorRey‐benayas, José M.
dc.date.accessioned2020-05-05T19:35:21Z
dc.date.availableWITHHELD_13_MONTHS
dc.date.available2020-05-05T19:35:21Z
dc.date.issued2020-05
dc.identifier.citationCruz‐alonso, Verónica ; Villar‐salvador, Pedro ; Ruiz‐benito, Paloma ; Ibáñez, Inés ; Rey‐benayas, José M. (2020). "Long- term dynamics of shrub facilitation shape the mixing of evergreen and deciduous oaks in Mediterranean abandoned fields." Journal of Ecology 108(3): 1125-1137.
dc.identifier.issn0022-0477
dc.identifier.issn1365-2745
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/154928
dc.description.abstractRecovery of Mediterranean forests after field abandonment is a slow process, even without propagule limitations. This is mainly due to stressful conditions for seedling establishment. In this context, shrubs play a critical role in facilitating tree recruitment, but how this process unfolds after field abandonment is not entirely known. We evaluated the long- term dynamics of facilitation by the nurse shrub Retama sphaerocarpa in the recruitment of two ecologically contrasting oaks, the evergreen Quercus ilex and the deciduous Quercus faginea.Thirty years after field abandonment, we dated shrubs and oaks established in an old field to estimate the annual recruitment rates and investigate temporal recruitment patterns. For oaks, we differentiated recruitment at two microsites: open areas or under shrub. To assess how nurse shrubs modulated environmental stressors, we modelled oak recruitment as a function of climatic variables. For the evergreen oak, we assessed these effects within each microsite. Finally, we estimated the annual interaction index between shrubs and evergreen oak juveniles as a function of climatic conditions.Each species showed different recruitment pulses during colonization. Recruitment rate was the highest for the shrub, followed by the evergreen oak. Oak colonization under shrubs was appreciable 20 years after field abandonment, when shrub cover reached 2.2%, and concentrated under medium and large shrubs older than 7 years. Shrubs not only accelerated evergreen oak colonization but also attenuated the fluctuations of recruitment pulses. For the evergreen oak, the interaction index indicated facilitation dominance in years with more arid summers (precipitation < 47 mm and heat waves longer than 8 days) and competition in wetter summers.Synthesis. Oak colonization in Mediterranean abandoned fields progressed slowly, and only two decades after abandonment pioneer shrub population grew to a level in size and number that could effectively trigger facilitation and accelerate tree recruitment. The shrub nurse effect was unbalanced between oak species, only benefiting the evergreen oak, and it was more prevalent in arid years. Our study illustrates the build- up of shrub facilitation during forest recolonization and the varying nature of this process among climatically different years and ecologically distinct species. This information provides insights for assessing and managing Mediterranean forest recovery.Foreign Language Abstract
ResumenLa recuperación de los bosques mediterráneos después del abandono de campos agrícolas es lenta incluso aunque no haya limitación de propágulos. Esta lentitud se debe principalmente a las condiciones de estrés que sufren las plantas durante su establecimiento. En este contexto, los arbustos juegan un papel crítico en la facilitación del reclutamiento de los árboles, pero no se conoce bien cómo evoluciona este proceso tras el abandono de los campos. En este trabajo evaluamos la dinámica de facilitación del arbusto nodriza Retama sphaerocarpa sobre dos quercíneas de ecología contrastada - la perennifolia Quercus ilex (encina) y la caducifolia Quercus faginea (quejigo)- a lo largo de un periodo largo de tiempo.Treinta años después del abandono de los campos agrícolas estudiados, datamos los arbustos y quercíneas establecidos para calcular las tasas anuales y los patrones temporales de reclutamiento. Para las quercíneas, diferenciamos el reclutamiento en dos micrositios: sitios abiertos y bajo arbusto. Para evaluar cómo los arbustos nodriza modularon los efectos del estrés ambiental, el reclutamiento se modelizó en función de variables climáticas. Para la encina, evaluamos el efecto climático en cada micrositio y estimamos el índice de interacción anual entre los arbustos y las quercíneas juveniles en función de las condiciones climáticas.Cada especie mostró pulsos de reclutamiento diferentes durante la colonización. Las tasas de reclutamiento más altas fueron las del arbusto, seguidas de las de la encina. La colonización de quercíneas bajo los arbustos empezó 20 años después del abandono de los campos, cuando la cobertura de matorral alcanzó el 2.2%, y se concentró bajo los arbustos medianos y grandes, mayores de siete años. Los arbustos no solo aceleraron la colonización de la encina, sino que también atenuaron las fluctuaciones de sus pulsos de reclutamiento. El índice de interacción indicó facilitación en el caso de la encina en los años con veranos más áridos (es decir, con precipitación < 47 mm y olas de calor más largas de 8 días), y competencia en los veranos más húmedos.Síntesis. La colonización de las quercíneas en campos abandonados mediterráneos progresó con lentitud. Sólamente tras dos décadas de abandono, la población de arbustos pioneros creció - en tamaño y número de individuos- hasta un nivel que permitió desencadenar la facilitación y acelerar el reclutamiento de los árboles. El efecto facilitador de los arbustos fue desigual entre las dos quercíneas, beneficiándose sobre todo la perennifolia y principalmente en los años más áridos. Nuestro estudio ilustra la progresión de la facilitación por arbustos durante la recolonización del bosque y la naturaleza variable de este proceso entre años climáticamente diferentes y especies ecológicamente distintas. Esta información proporciona nuevas perspectivas para evaluar y gestionar la recuperación del bosque mediterráneo.Oak colonization in Mediterranean abandoned fields progressed slowly, and only two decades after abandonment pioneer shrub population grew to a level in size and number that could effectively trigger facilitation and accelerate tree recruitment. The shrub nurse effect was unbalanced between oak species, only benefiting the evergreen oak, and it was more prevalent in arid years. Our study illustrates the build- up of shrub facilitation during forest recolonization and the varying nature of this process among climatically different years and ecologically distinct species. This information provides insights for assessing and managing Mediterranean forest recovery.
dc.publisherSpringer
dc.publisherWiley Periodicals, Inc.
dc.subject.otherrecruitment pulses
dc.subject.otherRetama sphaerocarpa
dc.subject.otherfacilitation
dc.subject.othercolonization
dc.subject.othersecondary succession
dc.subject.otherforest recovery
dc.subject.othernurse shrub
dc.subject.otherQuercus
dc.titleLong- term dynamics of shrub facilitation shape the mixing of evergreen and deciduous oaks in Mediterranean abandoned fields
dc.typeArticle
dc.rights.robotsIndexNoFollow
dc.subject.hlbsecondlevelEcology and Evolutionary Biology
dc.subject.hlbtoplevelScience
dc.description.peerreviewedPeer Reviewed
dc.description.bitstreamurlhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/154928/1/jec13309_am.pdf
dc.description.bitstreamurlhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/154928/2/jec13309.pdf
dc.identifier.doi10.1111/1365-2745.13309
dc.identifier.sourceJournal of Ecology
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dc.owningcollnameInterdisciplinary and Peer-Reviewed


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