Toughening of epoxies through thermoplastic crack bridging

Abstract

The fracture toughness and toughening mechanism of two epoxy matrices containing varying concentrations of pre-formed polyamide-12 particles was investigated. The pre-formed thermoplastic modifier was used to keep the physical and morphological characteristics of the second phase constant while varying the matrix intrinsic toughness to simplify the interpretation of toughening results. We observed that these particles toughened the epoxies through a crack bridging mechanism involving large plastic deformation of the second phase.This mechanism was found to be effective independent of the potential of the matrix for plastic deformation since the increasing fracture toughness was accomplished without significant amounts of plastic deformation in the epoxy matrix. A quantitative model was adapted to account for the increase in toughness due to the crack bridging mechanism. From this model, it was possible to determine the factors which are most important when attempting to toughen a material through thermoplastic crack bridging. A better understanding of the specific factors which influence the efficiency of the crack bridging mechanism enables the fracture properties of brittle materials to be further improved with thermoplastic addition. This was shown to be very important when attempting to enhance the toughness of materials which are believed to be “un-toughenable” by conventional rubber modification, or materials whose other mechanical properties suffer from the addition of elastomeric materials.