This Work includes a .csv database file and .jpg photos of artifacts. Artifact photos are preceded by photos of artifact tags, labeled with descriptive information. Also included are portable x-ray florescence (PXRF) spectroscopic data and photomicrographs. and Descriptions/data and photos of grinding stones are in Small Finds record, https://doi.org/10.7302/5j43-mc03.
Chapter linked to: Sixteen
This record includes photos (JPGs) and drawings (PDF of scans of originals) of small finds, e.g., glass; coins, spindle whorls, loom weights, metal artifacts; bullets; nails; etc., as well as a list of the drawings with descriptions (PDF file) and a small finds database (.CSV). The database includes all small finds collected and analyzed by PASH, although not all small finds were drawn and photographed. Grinding stones and chipped stone are located in separate records. and Chapter linked to: Seventeen
This work includes a .csv database, PDF scans of artifact drawings and .jpg photos. Artifact photos are accompanied by photos of artifact bags, labeled with descriptive information about the artifact, as well as photomicrographs. Work also includes raw analytical data--laser ablation – inductively-coupled plasma – mass spectroscopy (LA-ICP-MS) and petrographic data. and Chapters linked to: Ten, Eleven, Twelve, Thirteen, Fourteen, Fifteen
These data relate to PASH’s excavations at tumuli 052.
This record contains documents (excavation forms, notes accompanied by a typed transcription, drawings), 144 photos and a photolog, seven 3D digital elevation model (DEM) images (.jpgs only), and files needed to project GPR data from T052 and Chapter linked to: Eight
These data relate to PASH’s excavations at tumuli 085. This record contains scanned documents (excavation forms, drawings, and notes--though these last are difficult to read), 34 .jpg excavation photos (no photolog), and time slice images of GPR data as a .pdf (raw geophysical data for this survey are not available). and Chapter linked to: Eight
These data relate to PASH’s excavations at tumuli 088. This record contains scanned documents (excavation forms, a notebook and drawings), 152 .jpg photos in 17 folders (labeled by date) and a photolog. and Chapter linked to: Eight
These data relate to PASH’s excavations at tumuli 099. This record contains scanned documents (excavation forms, log book, notebook, drawings), 211 .jpg images in 19 folders (labeled by date, one with candids), as well as a photolog and C14 AMS radiocarbon date data. and Chapter linked to: Eight
The data presented here were collected in the course of archaeological survey and excavation in the region of Shkodër in northern Albania, carried out between 2010 and 2014, with a follow-up visit in 2016. The Projekti Arkeologjik i Shkodrës (PASH) was co-directed by Michael L. Galaty (University of Michigan) and Lorenc Bejko (University of Tirana) and was sponsored by the United States National Science Foundation (NSF BCS1220016), The University of Tirana, Millsaps College, Mississippi State University, and the University of Michigan. The data presented here accompany a two-volume research report, published by the University of Michigan Museum of Anthropological Archaeology Press (Galaty and Bejko 2023) - Volume 1 ( https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.12201317) and Volume 2 ( https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.12208577)., The county (Alb. qarqe) of Shkodër is located in northern Albania. It is bordered to the south by the Adriatic Sea and to the northwest by the country of Montenegro. The counties of Lezhë and Kukës are situated to the south and east, respectively. Shkodër Lake is situated along the border with Montenegro. It is the largest freshwater lake in the Balkans. The city of Shkodër is the fifth largest in Albania. It was founded in the Bronze Age and became a Roman colony in 168 BC, following the Illyrian Wars. Several major rivers intersect at Shkodër, including the Buna, which exits Shkodër Lake, the Drin, and the Kir. The latter two rivers flow from the Bjeshkët e Nemuna, the Albanian Alps, and provide access across the mountains, to the Balkan interior, including metal-rich Kosovo. Several very important ancient sites are located to the south of Shkodër, close to the Adriatic coast: Lezhë (ancient Lissus), Apollonia, and Durrës (ancient Epidamnus, Dyrrachium under the Romans). The latter two cities were Greek colonies, founded during the Archaic period. All three became Roman colonies., and PASH was designed to investigate shifts, through time, in Shkodër towards increased social stratification and hierarchy. These shifts commenced during prehistory and are marked by two dramatic changes in the regional landscape: new settlement in defensible “hillforts” and burial in rock and earth mounds. We wondered what factors – environment, settlement, status, conflict, subsistence, trade, migration – might have allowed or encouraged these changes.
Building on previous research (Cuyler, A., Carruthers, M., Imbesi, J. 2023. “Cultural Policy of the Oppressed” [Data set], University of Michigan - Deep Blue Data. https://doi.org/10.7302/9e20-zg88), we performed a qualitative textual analysis of three related areas of oppression, colonialism, expansionism, and imperialism, and how they have been discussed within cultural policy research. The analysis focused on three major cultural policy journals, Cultural Trends, the Journal of Arts Management, Society, and Law, and the International Journal of Cultural Policy.
Each "work" in this collection is a set of documentary-style videos in mp4 (m4v) format. The initial (2023) set of works is as follows: "farming and plant gathering (Mali mp4)", "construction and boatbuilding (Mali mp4)", "fishing (Mali mp4)", "food and beverage preparation (Mali mp4)", metalwork and woodwork (Mali mp4)", "cultural events (Mali mp4)", "firearms and gunpowder (Mali mp4)", "pottery (Mali mp4)", and "weaving and dyeing (Mali mp4)". Funding: National Science Foundation, Documenting Endangered Languages program. The readme's for each work give further details. Additional works with new videos may be added in the future.
See also the Deep Blue Data collections "Burkina Faso documentary videos" and "Central Mali documentary videos". The latter contains Mali videos archived in 2018.
This is a collection of mostly short documentary-style videos related to linguistic fieldwork in southwestern Burkina Faso. The initial batch consists of videos produced in 2023, and others will be added. Versions of some of these videos overdubbed in native languages will also be produced for local consumption in Burkina. Most of the videos document everyday practical activities; some also feature useful native plants and insects. This collection is parallel to collections of videos from neighboring Mali: see "Central Mali documentary videos" (with documentaries produced up to 2018) and "Mali documentary videos from 2023 on" for the newer ones. A small collection from north-central Côte d'Ivoire is also in the works. Within each collection, the videos are organized into "works" based on the general type of activity documented.
These images of plants, in nature or as fresh or dried specimens, were made in conjunction with research on languages of the Dogon and Bozo families, along with the isolated language Bangime, in Central Mali between 2006 and 2023. (See also the work "Dogon and Bangime flora terms from central Mali (2023)" in Deep Blue Data: https://doi.org/10.7302/34vf-jk03. The late Pierre Poilecot of CNRS (Montpellier, France) provided invaluable help in the early days. However, I am responsible for the determinations (including taxonomic updates), and I am not a professional botanist. The images range from poor to excellent technical quality. They may be of use for two purposes: a) acquiring a basic knowledge of the flora of the area, for newcomers; b) as vouchers for the determinations in my lexical spreadsheets on the various languages. While the main burst of taxonomic changes due to molecular studies has probably leveled off as of 2023, some revisions at all levels (family, genus, species) will occur over time. The African Flowering Plant Database at url https://africanplantdatabase.ch is especially useful for updates/synonymies at the species level, but tends to lag behind on revisions at the family level., Each "work" for flowering plants in this collection has the title "Mali flora images X" where X is the name of a botanical family. Users who enter at the collection level should search by family (from Acanthacaceae to Zypɣophyllaceae). Large families Poaceae, Malvaceae, and Fabaceae are divided into two or more works, but they will all show up in search results for the family. There is one work for non-flowering plants with title "Mali aa fern fungus lichen images"., Within each work, the individual images have file names like these:
fl_Amaranthaceae_Celosia_trigyna_Beni_10_2011_fl_50035_JH.JPG
fl_Lamiaceae_Hoslundia_opposita_Barato_09_2021_piripirinaw_03_fol_fr_JH.JPG
fl_Zygophyllaceae_Tribulus_terrestris_Sevare_patch_50672_JH.tif
fl_Fabaceae_Caesalpinioideae_mimosoid_Vachellia_(or_Acacia)_nilotica fuwON_1_Barato_09_2021_entire_JH.JPG
They begin with "fl" for flora, the family, the genus, and the species epithet. For Fabaceae, the subfamily and if relevant "mimosoid" (part of subfamily Caesalpinioideae) precedes the genus. These items are separated by underlines (important to note if searching for a genus-species binomial). The remaining items were mostly for my own use. They may include a location (on which see the following paragraph), the date, a crude representation (without IPA symbols or diacritics) of a native name, a five-digit code for my use, a photo number like "2" for the same plant, "JH" to indicate that the image was taken by me or by a member of a project I directed, jpg or occasionally tif for forrmat, and an indicator of what part of the plant is shown: entire, bark, fl[ower], fol[iage], lf (leaf), fr[uit], tr[unk], br[anch], th[orn].
File names can be quite long especially for Fabaceae because of the subfamily names. In lists of files under such works, the file name may be shown in abbreviated form (with ellipsis ...) so that the genus and species terms may not be visible. The only way to find files for a particular species is by searching for that species. Alternatively, all of the files in a work can be downloaded in zip form and users can then see complete file names. The readme's for each work list the included species. , Most of the locations indicated are in the Dogon-speaking area, which includes cliffs, high plateaus, inselbergs, sandy plains, seasonal rivers, and small ponds. Dogon locations include Beni, Tupere, Ségué, Bendiely, Dianwely, Anda, Walo, and Tongo Tongo, among others. The inselbergs and adjoining plains of the montane Songhay are represented mainly by Hombori and Kikara. The Niger and Bani river zone from Mopti to Segou, a mainly Bozo-speaking area that features seasonal floodplains, is represented mainly by Djenne, Barato, and Kolongo. , and Some of these plants are featured in documentary-style videos. There are two collections of such videos from Mali in Deep Blue Data:
Mali documentary videos from 2023 - https://doi.org/10.7302/4851-2c52
Central Mali documentary videos - https://doi.org/10.7302/4jg9-j095
Additional flora-related videos from Mali may be archived at a later date. Some fauna images may also be archived at a later date.
The various Mali collections (flora, videos) will be paralleled in time by comparable collections for southwestern Burkina Faso, and small collections for north-central Côte d'Ivoire, all in Deep Blue Data.
Five-part documentary on making apiaries and collecting honey. Vigué ethnicity, Viemo language. location: near Karangasso-Vigué, southwestern Burkina Faso. credits at end of videos. Other documentaries from Burkina may be added later.
Documentary videos showing food and beverage preparation in SW Burkina Faso. Credits at end of videos. Additional documentaries from Burkina may be added later.
documentary video of small-scale artisanal gold digging in SW Burkina Faso. Credits are at the end of videos. Additional documentaries from Burkina may be added later.
Documentary videos of metalwork (blacksmiths) and woodwork from Burkina Faso. Credits are at the end of videos. Additional documentaries from Burkina may be added later.
Occasional videos involving native insects of SW Burkina Faso. Credits are at the end of videos. Additional documentaries from Burkina may be added later. See also the "bees ..." work in this collection.
Videos featuring native plants of Burkina Faso. Credits are at the end of videos. Additional documentaries from Burkina may be added later. Images of native plants will be in a distinct collection.
Documentary videos of construction of a granary and building a large skiff (boat). Credits are at the end of videos. Additional documentaries from Mali may be added later.
Documentation of Dogon fox-track divination, a Dogon memorial altar, and a Bozo boat race. Credits are at the end of videos. Additional documentaries from Mali may be added later.
Documentary videos of farming and of foraging for useful native plants. Credits are at the end of videos. Additional documentaries from Mali may be added later.
Documentary videos showing fishing techniques chiefly of Bozo people (plus some Dogon). Credits are at the end of videos. Additional documentaries from Mali may be added later.
Documentary videos of food and beverage production by Bozo and Dogon people. Credits are at the end of videos. Additional documentaries from Mali may be added later.
Documentary videos of blacksmiths and carpenters (see also the work "construction and boatbuilding"). Credits are at the end of videos. Additional documentaries from Mali may be added later.
images of nonflowering plants. file names begin with fl (for "flora") plus "fern", "fungi", or "lichen". The lichen Pseudevernia is imported dry as a spice especially in Timbuktu.
images of plants in nature or specimens, family Amaranthaceae. The ex-Chenopodiaceae are listed as Amaranthaceae_Chenopodioideae. Our specimens of the cultivated amaranth (a sauce vegetable) are listed as Amaranthus_cf._dubius/hybridus.
images of plants in nature or specimens, family Anacardiaceae. Includes Anacardium (cashew) and Mangifera (mango). Genus Ozoroa was included in Heeria in the past.
images of plants in nature or specimens, family Annonaceae. Annona reticulata and A. squamosa are planted in courtyards for their fruits (sweetsop). Xylopia is an imported spice ("grains of Selim").
images of flora from nature or of specimens, family Brassicaceae (formerly Cruciferae). Most of the native plants of this family are Saharan, if Cleomaceae is treated as a separate family as in this collection.
images of flora from nature or of specimens, family Burseraceae. Commiphora africana produces a gum (bdellium) known as albarkante in Mali and widely burned as incense.
images of flora from nature or of specimens, family Cleomaceae. This family was previously part of Capparaceae, and is now sometimes included in Brassicaceae.
images of flora from nature or of specimens, family Cucurbitaceae . There are some difficulties involving determinations of wild melons with protrusions (horns), Cucumis pustulatus/metuliferus/prophetarum. Cultivated spp. are Lagenaria (gourd, calabash), Citrullus lanatus (watermelon), and Cucurbita (squash/pumpkin).
images of flora from nature or of specimens, family Cyperaceae. Only a few of the many sedge spp. are of interest to people in central Mali: Cyperus articulatus (aromatic tubers), Cyperus esculentus (commercialized edible tubers, "pois sucrés"), Cyperus maculatus (rootstocks burned as incense), Cyperus rotundus (edible tubers, not very good and not commercialized).
Documentary videos of pressing oil from seeds of native plants. Credits are at the end of videos. Additional documentaries from Mali may be added later.
images of plants, in nature or specimens, of family Euphorbiaceae. Euphorbia sudanica may include the very similar Euphorbia paganorum. Manihot is cultivated cassava. Euphorbia balsamifera is planted along roads. The two Jatropha's (of American origin) and Ricinus are planted in villages. See also Phyllanthaceae, which were moved out of Euphorbiaceae.
images of plants, in nature or specimens, of family Fabaceae (legumes), subfamily Caesalpinioideae, mimosoid clade, former Acacia spp. (sensu lato). The acacias were split in 2011 into several genera: African acacias were assigned to Faidherbia, Senegalia, and Vachellia. Acacia (sensu stricto) was delimited to Australia (due to strong-arming from the Australian timber industry), even though the type species was Acacia (now Vachellia) nilotica. Acacia ehrenbergiana was renamed Vachellia flava, in other cases the species epithet did not change when the genus changed. Many botanists continue to use Acacia for the entire complex, others recognize Faidherbia but retain Acacia for Senegalia and Vachellia. By strict botanical rules, Acacia should be limited to "Vachellia".
images of plants, in nature or specimens, of family Fabaceae (legumes), subfamily Caesalpinioideae, excluding mimosoids (e.g. acacias). The genus Cassia has been divided into Cassia (sensu stricto), Chamaecrista, and Senna.
images of plants, in nature or specimens, of family Fabaceae, subfamily Faboideae, genera T to Z. Vigna unguiculata is cultivated cowpea (the local "beans"). Vigna subterranea (ex Vouandzeia) is cultivated groundnut (resembles peanut but harder).
images of plants, in nature or specimens, of plants of the family Hernandiaceae. Genus Gyrocarpus, the only one present in the zone, is sometimes placed in its own family Gyrocarpaceae.
images of plants, in nature or specimens, of family Hydrocharitaceae. Included is genus Najas, which is sometimes elevated to family status (Najadaceae). Najas spp. are difficult for a nonspecialist to distinguish from each other and from Lagarosiphon. Ottelia is easily recognized.
images of plants, in nature or specimens, of family Lami.aceae (synonym Labiatae). Leucas and Leonotis genera overlap and may be merged. Gmelina and Vitex have been transferreed to Lamiaceae from Verbenaceae but are still listed as Verbenaceae in some websites.
images of plants, in nature or specimens, of family Lauraceae. Cassytha is a native plant. Laurus nobilis (a kind of bay leaf) is an imported dried leaf used as a spice especially in Songhay cuisine.
images of plants, in nature or specimens, of family Limeaceae. This family has recently been separated from Molluginaceae. Only Limeum pterocarpum is widespread in Central Mali.
images of plants, in nature or specimens, of family Loranthaceae (mistletoe). Englerina has yellow flowers. Tapinanthus spp. have red flowers and are difficult to distinguish from each other. Tapinanthus bangwensis is the common species in Central Mali.
images of plants, in nature and specimens, of family Lythraceae. Lawsonia is the henna bush, planted in towns. Henna is a dark pigment used in body decorations, especially hands and feet.
images of plants, in nature or specimens, of family Malphighiaceae. The family is represented in rocky areas of Central Mali by Acridocarpus monodii, which is endemic to Mali and has become rare (and threatened).
images of plants, in nature or specimens, of family Malvaceae, genera A to G. Malvaceae (sensu lato) now includes former Bombacaceae (Adansonia, Ceiba, Bombax), Tiliaceae (Grewia, Corchorus, Triumfetta), and Sterculiaceae (Cola, Sterculia, Waltheria).
images of plants, in nature or specimens, of family Malvaceae, genus Hibiscus. H. sabdariffa (roselle) is cultivated. H. esculentus (okra) is not widely cultivated in this zone. Of native species, H. micranthus can be confused with H. pseudohirtus.
images of plants, in nature or specimens, of family Malvaceae, genera I to Z. Malvaceae (sensu lato) now includes former Bombacaceae (Adansonia, Ceiba, Bombax), Tiliaceae (Grewia, Corchorus, Triumfetta), and Sterculiaceae (Cola, Sterculia, Waltheria).
images of plants, in nature or specimens, of the family Meliaceae. Azadirachta (neem tree) is nonnative but is planted everywhere in Malian villages and cities. Khaya ("caïlcédrat") was formerly the boulevard tree of preference in cities in the colonial period; it is native to West Africa but occurs in the wild mainly farther south.
images of plants, in nature or specimens, of the family Molluginaceae. The common species in Central Mali are Mollugo nudicaulis (from which a spontaneous "soap" can be made) and Glinus lotoides. See also Aizoaceae (Trianthema, Zaleya), Gisekiaceae (Gisekia), and Limeaceae (Limeus). These families have been combined in various ways in previous classifications.
images of plants, in nature or specimens, of family Moringaceae. The local species is Moringa oleracea, planted here and there in villages chiefly for the foliage which is made into a sauce.
images of plants, in nature or specimens, of family Myrtaceae. Syzygium is the local native species and is featured here. Syzygium is rare in Central Mali but was found on the summit of Gandamiya mountain near Douentza. It is common farther south. The family also includes guava, clove, and eucalyptus.
images of plants, in nature or specimens, of family Nyctaginaceae. The genus Boerhavia has been revised since our collecting began and it is best to consider all of these images to be "Boerhavia sp.", though mostly B. coccinea.
images of plants, in nature or specimens, of family Nymphaeaceae (true water lilies, compare Menyanthaceae). Nymphaea lotus is the largest species and has distinctive dentate leaf margins. N. maculata and N. micrantha are smaller; N. maculata has roughly circular leaves, while N. micrantha has more oval-shaped leaves and usually a tuft of hairs on top of the leaf next to the stem axis.
images of plants, in nature or specimens, of family Onagraceae. The local genus is Ludwigia. L. hyssopifolia and L. erecta are the two species known in Central Mali away from the main rivers (where other spp. are also found).