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- Creator:
- Xiantong Wang
- Description:
- Bursty bulk flows (BBFs) are identified as the fast earthward-propagating flows from magnetic reconnection in Earth's magnetotail. BBFs are related to particle energization process reported by satellite observations. For the first time, we use a novel numerical model that simulates kinetic physics directly in a global model. The energization of the electrons associated with BBF is demonstrated by the model. The electron velocity distribution functions (VDFs) extracted from multiple locations associated with BBF demonstrate good agreements with the observations. The energy-dependent electron pitch angle distribution at the leading part of the BBF can be explained by the enhancement of the local magnetic field.
- Discipline:
- Science
-
- Creator:
- Xiantong Wang
- Description:
- We perform a geomagnetic event simulation using a newly developed magnetohydrodynamic with adaptively embedded particle-in-cell (MHD-AEPIC) model. We have developed effective criteria to identify reconnection sites in the magnetotail and cover them with the PIC model. The MHD-AEPIC simulation results are compared with Hall MHD and ideal MHD simulations to study the impacts of kinetic reconnection at multiple physical scales. At the global scale, the three models produce very similar SYM-H and SuperMag Electrojet (SME) indexes, which indicates that the global magnetic field configurations from the three models are very close to each other. At the mesoscale we compare the simulations with in situ Geotail observations in the tail. All three models produce reasonable agreement with the Geotail observations. The MHD-AEPIC and Hall MHD models produce tailward and earthward propagating fluxropes, while the ideal MHD simulation does not generate flux ropes in the near-earth current sheet. At the kinetic scales, the MHD-AEPIC simulation can produce a crescent shape distribution of the electron velocity space at the electron diffusion region which agrees very well with MMS observations near a tail reconnection site. These electron scale kinetic features are not available in either the Hall MHD or ideal MHD models. Overall, the MHD-AEPIC model compares well with observations at all scales, it works robustly, and the computational cost is acceptable due to the adaptive adjustment of the PIC domain.
- Keyword:
- MHD, PIC, and Magnetosphere
- Discipline:
- Science
-
- Creator:
- Moore, Talia Y, Villacis Nunez, C Nathaly, Ray, Andrew P, and Cooper, Kimberly L
- Description:
- Hind limbs can undergo dramatic changes in loading conditions during the transition from quadrupedal to bipedal locomotion. For example, the most early diverging bipedal jerboas (Rodentia: Dipodidae) are some of the smallest mammals in the world, with body masses that range 2-4 grams. The larger jerboa species exhibit developmental and evolutionary fusion of the central three metatarsals into a single cannon bone. We hypothesize that body size reduction and metatarsal fusion are mechanisms to maintain the safety factor of the hind limb bones despite the higher ground reaction forces associated with bipedal locomotion. Using finite element analysis to model collisions between the substrate and the metatarsals, we found that body size reduction was insufficient to reduce bone stress on unfused metatarsals, based on the scaled dynamics of larger jerboas, and that fused bones developed lower stresses than unfused bones when all metatarsals are scaled to the same size and loading conditions. Based on these results, we conclude that fusion reinforces larger jerboa metatarsals against high ground reaction forces. Because smaller jerboas with unfused metatarsals develop higher peak stresses in response to loading conditions scaled from larger jerboas, we hypothesize that smaller jerboas use alternative dynamics of bipedal locomotion that reduces the impact of collisions between the foot and substrate.
- Keyword:
- finite element, functional morphology, bipedal, jerboa, metatarsus, and bone fusion
- Citation to related publication:
- Villacis Nunez, Ray, Cooper, Moore (submitted). Body size reduction and metatarsal fusion were distinct mechanisms to resist bending as jerboas (Dipodidae) transitioned from quadrupedal to bipedal.
- Discipline:
- Science and Engineering
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- Documentary videos of blacksmiths and carpenters (see also the work "construction and boatbuilding"). Credits are at the end of videos. Additional documentaries from Mali may be added later.
- Keyword:
- Mali, blacksmith, and carpentry
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- Documentary videos of metalwork (blacksmiths) and woodwork from Burkina Faso. Credits are at the end of videos. Additional documentaries from Burkina may be added later.
- Keyword:
- Burkina Faso, blacksmith, metalwork, woodwork
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Linyan, Xiang and Oleg, Zikanov
- Description:
- The Liquid Metal Battery (LMB), a promising energy-storage device that contains liquid-metal interior, is studied numerically in the paper. The metal pad roll instability was modeled based on the open-source CFD software, OpenFOAM. It's based on the solver for simulations of incompressible multiphase flows multiphaseInterFoam modified to include the electromagnetic fields and account for the sharp variations of the electrical conductivity.
- Keyword:
- Liquid metal battery, Interfacial waves, Instability, and OpenFOAM
- Citation to related publication:
- Linyan Xiang (相林言) and Oleg Zikanov, “Numerical simulation of rolling pad instability in cuboid liquid metal batteries,” Physics of Fluids, vol. 31, no. 12, p. 124104, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5123170 and Oleg Zikanov, "Shallow water modeling of rolling pad instability in liquid metal batteries." Theoretical and Computational Fluid Dynamics, 32, 325–347, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00162-018-0456-2
- Discipline:
- Science
-
- Creator:
- Mateling, Marian E. and Pettersen, Claire
- Description:
- This merged Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Core Observatory and atmospheric river dataset contains gridded Goddard Profiling (GPROF) algorithm v7 precipitation rates (Kummerow et al. 2015; Randel et al. 2020), Remote Sensing Systems (RSS) atmospheric water vapor (Meissner et al. 2012), and Mattingly et al. (2018) atmospheric rivers in the North Atlantic and North Pacific oceans. The GPROF precipitation rates and RSS atmospheric water vapor are both derived using the GPM Microwave Imager (GMI) brightness temperature observations. The atmospheric river data is derived from MERRA-2 (Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications Reanalysis, Version 2) integrated water vapor transport (Mattingly et al. 2018). , The data coverage starts at the beginning of the GPM data record (GPM launched in Feb 2014 and the processed data coverage starts in May 2014). Subsequent years will be added throughout the lifetime of the project. , The monthly files are compressed into year and basin: either the North Atlantic (NA) or the North Pacific (NP) (e.g., NA_2014) and zipped. The files have the basin name indicated and are by year and month (e.g., gridded_atlantic_201405.nc). The files produced are in NetCDF format ( https://www.unidata.ucar.edu/software/netcdf/) and conform to all standard NetCDF metadata conventions ( http://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html), and Kummerow, C. D., Randel, D. L., Kulie, M., Wang, N. Y., Ferraro, R., Joseph Munchak, S., & Petkovic, V. (2015). The evolution of the Goddard profiling algorithm to a fully parametric scheme. Journal of atmospheric and oceanic technology, 32(12), 2265-2280. https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-15-0039.1 Mattingly, K. S., Mote, T. L., & Fettweis, X. (2018). Atmospheric river impacts on Greenland Ice Sheet surface mass balance. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 123(16), 8538-8560. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD028714 Meissner, T., F. J. Wentz, and D. Draper, 2012: GMI Calibration Algorithm and Analysis Theoretical Basis Document, Remote Sensing Systems, Santa Rosa, CA, report number 041912, 124 pp. Randel, D. L., Kummerow, C. D., & Ringerud, S. (2020). The Goddard Profiling (GPROF) precipitation retrieval algorithm. Satellite Precipitation Measurement: Volume 1, 141-152. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24568-9_8
- Keyword:
- Precipitation, satellite, microwave radiometer, atmospheric water vapor, and remote sensing
- Citation to related publication:
- Mateling et al., submitted to Earth and Space Science (updated when finalized)
- Discipline:
- Science
-
Mediaeval
User Collection
- Creator:
- Vani Archaeological Survey
- Description:
- Mediaeval activity documented by the Vani Archaeological Survey
- Keyword:
- Mediaeval
28Works -
- Creator:
- Welling, Daniel and Walsh, Brian
- Description:
- The goal of this simulation was to examine the spread of magnetic reconnection across the dayside magnetopause upon the arrival of a tangential discontinuity of the interplanetary magnetic field from a purely northward to southward configuration. Simple solar wind conditions were used to give us input into the system. A very high resolution grid setup was used in BATS-R-US.
- Keyword:
- space science, magnetosphere, magnetohydrodynamics, magnetopause, and magnetic reconnection
- Discipline:
- Science
-
- Creator:
- Jenkins, G. J. and Bougher, S. W.
- Description:
- In early 2019, the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN) mission underwent an ~2-month aerobraking campaign, during which time the spacecraft periapsis altitude was lowered from its nominal altitude range of 140-160 km to as low as ~123 km. Excluding spacecraft walk-in/out maneuvers, accelerometer measurements were made along 272 orbits with coverage spanning Ls 340-3°, latitudes ~5-54°S, longitudes 0-360°, and Local Solar Time (LST) ~22-17 hours. In this study, we perform a diagnostic analysis of the full aerobraking data set by fitting 4-harmonic waves to mass densities. We then study the variations of these waves as a function of latitude with an emphasis on those observed previously in Mars’ thermosphere by MAVEN and other missions. Additionally, we utilize data collected during the same time period from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter’s Mars Climate Sounder to study the vertical propagation of waves originating from the middle atmosphere. Key results indicate that normalized wave amplitudes decrease with latitude, and this is consistent with the latitudinal structure of a diurnal Kelvin mode. We also observe that waves imprinted from the middle atmosphere show normalized amplitude growth with increasing altitude. A complete summary of data sets, analysis methodology, and scientific results is given. The purpose of this study is to add to the body of knowledge surrounding Martian atmospheric wave features and to provide further constraints for future numerical modeling and subsequent tidal mode identification.
- Keyword:
- MAVEN, Mars Thermosphere, Accelerometer Data Set, Global Data Set, and Wave Analysis of Tides
- Citation to related publication:
- Jenkins, G. A., Bougher, S. W., Lugo, R., Tolson, R. H., Zurek, R. W., Baird, D., Steele, L., Kass, D., Withers, P. (2023), MAVEN Accelerometer Observations of Thermospheric Densities during Aerobraking and Deep Dip 2: Wave Features and Connections to Upward Propagating Thermal Tides, Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, xx, xx.
- Discipline:
- Science
-
- Creator:
- Moyer, Cheryl A
- Description:
- Data reflect the knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs of health care providers regarding neonatal near-misses in Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs) in southern Ghana.
- Keyword:
- qualitative methods, neonatal mortality, neonatal near-misses, and developing country
- Discipline:
- Health Sciences
-
- Creator:
- Bougher, Stephen W. and Roeten, Kali J.
- Description:
- The NASA MAVEN (Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution) spacecraft, which is currently in orbit around Mars, has been taking systematic measurements of the densities and deriving temperatures in the upper atmosphere of Mars between about 140 to 240 km above the surface since late 2014. Wind measurement campaigns are also conducted once per month for 5-10 orbits. These densities, temperatures and winds change with time (e.g. solar cycle, season, local time) and location, and sometimes fluctuate quickly. Global dust storm events are also known to significantly impact these density, temperature and wind fields in the Mars thermosphere. For the current project, the derived temperatures and O plus CO2 densities are used to characterize the upper atmosphere dayside thermal and density structure. Presently, more than 6 years of Neutral Gas and Ion Mass Spectrometer (NGIMS) measurements of neutral densities have been obtained by the MAVEN team (e.g. Mahaffy et al. 2015; Bougher et al 2015; Elrod et al., 2017; 2021; Stone et al. 2018; Gupta et al., 2021). Measured neutral density distributions are compared to simulations from a computer model of the Mars atmosphere called M-GITM (Mars Global Ionosphere-Thermosphere Model), developed at U. of Michigan. Since the global circulation plays a role in the structure, variability, and evolution of the atmosphere, understanding the processes that drive the winds in the upper atmosphere of Mars also provides the needed context for understanding density and temperature distributions and how the atmosphere behaves as a whole system. Three dimensional M-GITM simulations for extreme Mars seasonal and solar cycle conditions were conducted for detailed comparisons with NGIMS derived temperatures and O/CO2 ratio distributions (Bougher et al. 2022). Extracted model densities and temperatures along the MAVEN inbound trajectory of each orbit path (between ~300 km and periapsis) are provided in this Deep Blue Data archive. Corresponding M-GITM heat balance terms are also provided in vertical 1-D tabulated formats. README files are included for each suite of 1-D "flythru" tables, detailing the contents of each file. In addition, a general README file is provided that summarizes the inputs and outputs of the M-GITM code simulations for this study. Finally, a basic version of the M-GITM code can be found on Github at https:/github.com/dpawlows/MGITM.
- Keyword:
- Mars, NASA MAVEN Mission, NGIMS instrument , and M-GITM numerical simulations
- Citation to related publication:
- Bougher, S. W., Benna, M., Elrod, M., Roeten, K., & Thiemann, E. (2023). MAVEN/NGIMS dayside exospheric temperatures over solar cycle and seasons: Role of dayside thermal balances in regulating temperatures. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 128, e2022JE007475. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JE007475
- Discipline:
- Science
-
- Creator:
- Bougher, Stephen W. and Roeten, Kali J.
- Description:
- The NASA MAVEN (Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution) spacecraft, which is currently in orbit around Mars, has been taking daily (systematic) measurements of the densities and temperatures in the upper atmosphere of Mars between about 140 to 240 km above the surface. Wind measurement campaigns are also conducted once per month for 5-10 orbits. These densities, temperatures and winds change with time (e.g. season, local time) and location, and sometimes fluctuate quickly. Global dust storm events are also known to significantly impact these density, temperature and wind fields in the Mars thermosphere. Such global dust storm period measurements can be compared to simulations from a computer model of the Mars atmosphere called M-GITM (Mars Global Ionosphere-Thermosphere Model), developed at U. of Michigan. This is an ongoing detailed comparison between direct global dust storm period measurements in the upper atmosphere of Mars and simulated MGITM fields and is important because it can help to inform us what physical processes are acting on the upper atmosphere during such large dust events. Since the global circulation plays a role in the structure, variability, and evolution of the atmosphere, understanding the processes that drive the winds in the upper atmosphere of Mars also provides key context for understanding how the atmosphere behaves as a whole system. A basic version of the M-GITM code can be found on Github as follows: https:/github.com/dpawlows/MGITM [less] About 4 months of Neutral Gas and Ion Mass Spectrometer (NGIMS) measurements of densities and winds have been made by the MAVEN team during the summer of 2018 (Elrod et al., 2019; Roeten et al 2022). For this specialized archive (Elrod et al. 2023), one reference measurement interval during this 2018 global dust storm (30-31 August 2018) is selected for detailed study of helium distributions (Elrod et al. 2023). The Mars conditions for this last of nine intervals have been used to launch corresponding M-GITM code simulations, yielding 3-D neutral density, temperature and wind fields for comparison to these NGIMS measurements. This last interval is used to provide M-GITM datacubes to explicitly extract the helium density (plus corresponding temperatures and neutral winds) along the trajectory of each orbit path between 140 and 240 km . A general README file is also provided for this Deep Blue Data archive detailing the contents of each file, while also summarizing the inputs and outputs of the M-GITM code simulations for this study.
- Keyword:
- Mars , NASA MAVEN spacecraft, Mars Thermosphere, Global Dust Strom of 2018, and Helium distribution
- Citation to related publication:
- Elrod, M. K., S. W. Bougher, K. Roeten, R. Sharrar, J. Murphy, Structural and Compositional Changes in the Upper Atmosphere related to the PEDE-2018 Dust Event on Mars as Observed by MAVEN NGIMS, Geophys. Res. Lett., (2019). doi: 10.1029/2019GL084378. and Elrod, M. K., S. W. Bougher, K. Roeten and K. Arnold, Surprising Decrease in the Martian He Bulge during PEDE-2018 and Changes in Upper Atmospheric Circulation, J. Geophysical Research, (2023), doi:XXX
- Discipline:
- Science
-
- Creator:
- Bougher, S. W. (CLaSP Department, U. of Michigan), Roeten, K. J. (CLaSP Department, U. of Michigan), and Sharrar, R. (Astronomy Department, U. of Michigan)
- Description:
- The NASA MAVEN (Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution) spacecraft, which is currently in orbit around Mars, has been taking daily (systematic) measurements of the densities and temperatures in the upper atmosphere of Mars between about 140 to 240 km above the surface. Wind measurement campaigns are also conducted once per month for 5-10 orbits. These densities, temperatures and winds change with time (e.g. season, local time) and location, and sometimes fluctuate quickly. Global dust storm events are also known to significantly impact these density, temperature and wind fields in the Mars thermosphere. Such global dust storm period measurements can be compared to simulations from a computer model of the Mars atmosphere called M-GITM (Mars Global Ionosphere-Thermosphere Model), developed at U. of Michigan. This is the first detailed comparison between direct global dust storm period measurements in the upper atmosphere of Mars and simulated MGITM fields and is important because it can help to inform us what physical processes are acting on the upper atmosphere during such large dust events. Since the global circulation plays a role in the structure, variability, and evolution of the atmosphere, understanding the processes that drive the winds in the upper atmosphere of Mars also provides key context for understanding how the atmosphere behaves as a whole system. A basic version of the M-GITM code can be found on Github as follows: https:/github.com/dpawlows/MGITM and About 4 months of Neutral Gas and Ion Mass Spectrometer (NGIMS) measurements of densities and winds have been made by the MAVEN team during the summer of 2018 (Elrod et al., 2019). Nine reference measurement intervals during this global dust storm (1-June through 30-August 2018) are selected for detailed study (Elrod et al. 2019). The Mars conditions for these nine intervals have been used to launch corresponding M-GITM code simulations, yielding 3-D neutral density, temperature and wind fields for comparison to these NGIMS measurements. The M-GITM datacubes used to extract the density, temperature and neutral winds, along the trajectory of each orbit path between 140 and 240 km, are provided in this Deep Blue Data archive. README files are provided for each datacube, detailing the contents of each file. A general README file is also provided that summarizes the inputs and outputs of the M-GITM code simulations for this study.
- Keyword:
- Mars, MAVEN Spacecraft, Mars Thermosphere, and Mars Global Dust Storm of 2018
- Citation to related publication:
- Elrod, M. K., S. W. Bougher, K. Roeten, R. Sharrar, J. Murphy, Structural and Compositional Changes in the Upper Atmosphere related to the PEDE-2018 Dust Event on Mars as Observed by MAVEN NGIMS, Geophys. Res. Lett., (2019). doi: 10.1029/2019GL084378. and Jain, S. K., Bougher, S. W., Deighan, J., Schneider, N. M., Gonzalez‐Galindo, F., Stewart, A. I. F., et al. ( 2020). Martian thermospheric warming associated with the Planet Encircling Dust Event of 2018. Geophysical Research Letters, 47, e2019GL085302. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL085302
- Discipline:
- Engineering and Science
-
- Creator:
- Bougher, Stephen W. (CLaSP Department, U. of Michigan) and Roeten, Kali J. (CLaSP Department, U. of Michigan)
- Description:
- The NASA MAVEN (Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution) spacecraft, which is currently in orbit around Mars, has been taking monthly measurements of the speed and direction of the winds in the upper atmosphere of Mars between about 140 to 240 km above the surface. The observed wind speeds and directions change with time and location, and sometimes fluctuate quickly. These measurements are compared to simulations from a computer model of the Mars atmosphere called M-GITM (Mars Global Ionosphere-Thermosphere Model), developed at U. of Michigan. This is the first comparison between direct measurements of the winds in the upper atmosphere of Mars and simulated winds and is important because it can help to inform us what physical processes are acting on the observed winds. Some wind measurements have similar wind speeds or directions to those predicted by the M-GITM model, but sometimes, there are large differences between the simulated and measured winds. The disagreements between wind observations and model simulations suggest that processes other than normal solar forcing may become relatively more important during these observations and alter the expected circulation pattern. Since the global circulation plays a role in the structure, variability, and evolution of the atmosphere, understanding the processes that drive the winds in the upper atmosphere of Mars provides key context for understanding how the atmosphere behaves as a whole system. A basic version of the M-GITM code can be found on Github as follows: https:/github.com/dpawlows/MGITM and About 30 Neutral Gas and Ion Mass Spectrometer (NGIMS) wind campaigns (of 5 to 10 orbits each) have been conducted by the MAVEN team (Benna et al., 2019). Five of these campaigns are selected for detailed study (Roeten et al. 2019). The Mars conditions for these five campaigns have been used to launch corresponding M-GITM code simulations, yielding 3-D neutral wind fields for comparison to these NGIMS wind observations. The M-GITM datacubes used to extract the zonal and meridional neutral winds, along the trajectory of each orbit path between 140 and 240 km, are provided in this Deep Blue Data archive. README files are provided for each datacube, detailing the contents of each file. A general README file is also provided that summarizes the inputs and outputs of the M-GITM code simulations for this study.
- Keyword:
- Mars, MAVEN spacecraft, Mars thermosphere, and Mars global upper atmosphere winds
- Citation to related publication:
- Roeten, K. J., Bougher, S. W., Benna, M., Mahaffy, P. R., Lee, Y., Pawlowski, D., et al. (2019). MAVEN/NGIMS thermospheric neutral wind observations: Interpretation using the M‐GITM general circulation model. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 124, 3283– 3303. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JE005957
- Discipline:
- Science and Engineering
-
- Creator:
- Bougher, S. W. (CLaSP Department, University of Michigan)
- Description:
- The NASA MAVEN (Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution) spacecraft, which is currently in orbit around Mars, has been taking systematic measurements of the densities and deriving temperatures in the upper atmosphere of Mars between about 140 to 240 km above the surface since late 2014. Wind measurement campaigns are also conducted once per month for 5-10 orbits. These densities, temperatures and winds change with time (e.g. solar cycle, season, local time) and location, and sometimes fluctuate quickly. Global dust storm events are also known to significantly impact these density, temperature and wind fields in the Mars thermosphere. For the current project, the inert light species helium is used to trace the circulation patterns and constrain wind magnitudes throughout the Mars thermosphere. Presently, more than 6 years of Neutral Gas and Ion Mass Spectrometer (NGIMS) measurements of helium densities have been obtained by the MAVEN team (e.g. Elrod et al., 2017; 2021; Gupta et al., 2021). Measured helium distributions are compared to simulations from a computer model of the Mars atmosphere called M-GITM (Mars Global Ionosphere-Thermosphere Model), developed at U. of Michigan. Since the global circulation plays a role in the structure, variability, and evolution of the atmosphere, understanding the processes that drive the winds in the upper atmosphere of Mars also provides the needed context for understanding helium distributions and how the atmosphere behaves as a whole system. Three dimensional M-GITM simulations for the Mars four cardinal seasons (Ls = 0, 90, 180, 270, for Mars Year 33) were conducted for detailed comparisons with NGIMS helium and CO2 distributions (Gupta et al. 2021). The M-GITM datacubes used to extract these densities (plus winds) along the trajectory of each orbit path between 140 and 240 km, are provided in this Deep Blue Data archive. README files are also provided for each datacube, detailing the contents of each file. In addition, a general README file is provided that summarizes the inputs and outputs of the M-GITM code simulations for this study. Finally, a basic version of the M-GITM code can be found on Github at https:/github.com/dpawlows/MGITM.
- Keyword:
- Mars, MAVEN Spacecraft Mission, Mars Thermosphere, Helium Density Distributions, and Neutral Gas and Ion Mass Spectrometer (NGIMS)
- Citation to related publication:
- Gupta, N., N. V. Rao, S. W. Bougher, and M. K. Elrod, Latitudinal and Seasonal Asymmetries of the Helium Bulge in the Martian Upper Atmosphere J. Geophys. Res., 126, XXXX-XXXX. doi:10.1002/2021JEXXXXXX
- Discipline:
- Engineering and Science
-
- Creator:
- Shane, Alexander
- Description:
- This data set was created with the purpose to study the electron pitch angle distributions on dayside closed crustal fields at Mars and to compare with theoretical predictions made by numerical modeling. Analyzing the plasma environment of the crustal fields was another point of study to determine if whistler waves can interact with high energy superthermal electrons.
- Keyword:
- Mars, superthermal electron, pitch angle distribution, and crustal magnetic field
- Discipline:
- Science
-
- Creator:
- Beck, Jess
- Description:
- These data include skeletal and dental inventories, assessments of skeletal and dental pathology, and the age and sex of individuals buried at Necropolis 1, Necropolis 2, and Necropolis 4 at the Copper Age site of Marroquíes Bajos. They are shared here in accordance with the NSF Data Management Plan associated with Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant BCS-1440017.
- Keyword:
- Iberia, Archaeology, Copper Age, and Bioarchaeology
- Discipline:
- Social Sciences
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- Images of villages in Mali in which Manding Bambara (Mande family) is the primary language. Each file name contains important information about the photos, and are structured thus: LanguageFamily_Language_IdentificationNumber_GeographicCoordinate_Description_Date_InitialsOfThePhotographer
- Keyword:
- Villages, Mande, Manding Bambara, and Mali
- Citation to related publication:
- Moran, Steven & Forkel, Robert & Heath, Jeffrey (eds.) 2016. Dogon and Bangime Linguistics. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://dogonlanguages.org
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- Jalkunan is a small-population Mande language spoken in Blédougou village cluster in the Banfora plateau in SW Burkina Faso.A grammar was published electronically at Language Description Heritage Library in 2017. http://ldh.clld.org/2017/01/01/escidoc2346932/ This is backed up at Deep Blue documents. http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/139025 http://dogonlanguages.org/other#mande Seven texts were recorded digitally in 2016 and are archived here. Three of them (texts 1, 2, and 4) were transcribed and translated at the end of the published grammar. The remaining tapes are not transcribed as of May 2018. I give permission to other linguists to transcribe, translate, and/or analyse the remaining texts.
- Keyword:
- Jalkunan, Mande, Audio, and Recording
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of plants, in nature or specimens, of family Zygophyllaceae, including Balanites ("wild date" tree). Only Balanites and Tribulus terrestris are common in Central Mali.
- Keyword:
- Zygophyllaceae and Balanites
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of plants, in nature or specimens, of the family Zingiberaceae. In Central Mali, the relevant species are Zingiber (ginger) and melegueta pepper (Aframomum). Ginger is cultivated or imported, and melegueta pepper is imported and sold as a spice or medicine.
- Keyword:
- Zingiberaceae
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of plants, in nature or specimens, of family Vitaceae. These are climbing vines or small herbaceous bushes.
- Keyword:
- Vitaceae
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of plants, in nature or specimens, of family Verbenaceae. This family has been sharply reduced by the transfer of many genera to Lamiaceae (Vitex, Gmelina, Clerodendrum).
- Keyword:
- Verbenaceae
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of plants, in nature or specimens, of family Vahliaceae
- Keyword:
- Vahliaceae
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of plants, in nature or specimens, of family Urticaceae.
- Keyword:
- Urticaceae
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of plants, in nature or specimens, of family Typhaceae (bulrushes).
- Keyword:
- Typhaceae and bulrush
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of plants, in nature or specimens, of family Sphenocleaceae. The only genus in this family is Sphenoclea.
- Keyword:
- Sphenoclea
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of plants, in nature or specimens, of family Solanaceae. Solanum nigrum and S. americanum belong to a tighly knit group whose taxonomy is unstable. Fruits of S. incanum and green fruits of S. nigrum/americanum are toxic. Datura spp. are narcotic. Capsicum spp. are chili peppers (and bell peppers). Solanum tuberosum is cultivated potato. Cultivated tomato is Solanum lycopersicum (or Lycopersicon esculentum). Cultivated tobacco is modern Nicotiana tabacum and the more traditional Nicotiana rustica.
- Keyword:
- Solanaceae
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of plants, in nature or specimens, of family Sapotaceae.
- Keyword:
- Sapotaceae
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of plants, in nature or specimens, of family Sapindaceae. Lepisanthes was formerly in genus Aphania.
- Keyword:
- Sapindaceae
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of plants, in nature or specimens, of family Salvadoraceae. The local species is Salvadora persica.
- Keyword:
- Salvadoraceae
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of plants, in nature or specimens, of family Rubiaceae
- Keyword:
- Rubiaceae
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of plants, in nature or specimens, of family Rhamnaceae. The local genus is Ziziphus (jujube), of which Z. mauritiana has the most edible fruits, but is being supplanted by the introduced and planted Z. jujuba. In the wild, Z. mucronata is the other common species. Z. abyssinica was collected on the summit of Tabi mountain near Boni, Z. spina-christi occurs in deep floodplains in the Djenné area, and Z. lotus is a Saharan species.
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of plants, in nature or specimens, of family Portulacaceae (purslanes). Portulaca oleracea, P. quadrifida, and P. foliosa are widespread weeds, P. grandiflora is an ornamental in courtyards. Specimens deteriorate quickly. Except when flowering, P. oleracea can be confused with Trianthema portulacastrum (Aizoaceae).
- Keyword:
- Portulacaceae and purslane
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of plants, in nature or specimens, of the family Pontederiaceae.
- Keyword:
- Pontederiaceae
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of plants, in nature or specimens, of family Polygonaceae.
- Keyword:
- Polygonaceae
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of plants, in nature or specimens, of family Polygalaceae.
- Keyword:
- Polygalaceae
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of plants, in nature or specimens, of family Poaceae (grasses), general P to Z.
- Keyword:
- Poaceae and grasses
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of plants, in nature or specimens, of family Poaceae (grasses), genera D to O
- Keyword:
- Poaceae
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of plants, in nature or specimens, of family Poaceae (grasses), genera A to C.
- Keyword:
- Poaceae and grasses
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of plants, in nature or specimens, of family Plantaginaceae (sometimes called Veronicaceae). This family was recently separated from Scrophulariaceae (sensu lato), and taxonomy of these families remains unstable. Scoparia is an important medicinal plant.
- Keyword:
- Plantaginaceae and Scoparia
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of plants, in nature or specimens, of family Phyllanthaceae. Phyllanthus spp. and Flueggea occur wild in Central Mali. This family was formerly included in Euphorbiaceae.
- Keyword:
- Phyllanthaceae
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of plants, in nature or specimens, of family Pedaliaceae. Sesamum indicum is cultivated sesame, the other species are wild.
- Keyword:
- Pedaliaceae
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of plants, in nature or specimens, of family Turneraceae. Recently the family Turneraceae including Tricliceras was merged into Passifloraceae in one botanical system, but some botanists reject this. Tricliceras is a weed in villages.
- Keyword:
- Passifloraceae, Turneraceae, and Tricliceras
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of plants, in nature or specimens, of family Orobanchaceae. The local species is Striga hermonthica, a root parasite of millet and other crop plants. The family (like Plantaginaceae) was recently separated from Scrophulariaceae, but family-level taxonomy remains controversial.
- Keyword:
- Orobanchaceae and Striga
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of plants, in nature or specimens, of family Onagraceae. The local genus is Ludwigia. L. hyssopifolia and L. erecta are the two species known in Central Mali away from the main rivers (where other spp. are also found).
- Keyword:
- Onagraceae
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of plants, in nature or specimens, of family Olacaceae. The local genus is Ximenia, which occurs in the wild but is also planted in courtyards.
- Keyword:
- Olacaceae and Ximenia
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of plants, in nature or specimens, of family Nymphaeaceae (true water lilies, compare Menyanthaceae). Nymphaea lotus is the largest species and has distinctive dentate leaf margins. N. maculata and N. micrantha are smaller; N. maculata has roughly circular leaves, while N. micrantha has more oval-shaped leaves and usually a tuft of hairs on top of the leaf next to the stem axis.
- Keyword:
- Nymphaeaceae and water lily
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of plants, in nature or specimens, of family Nyctaginaceae. The genus Boerhavia has been revised since our collecting began and it is best to consider all of these images to be "Boerhavia sp.", though mostly B. coccinea.
- Keyword:
- Nyctaginaceae and Boerhavia
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of plants, in nature or specimens, of family Myrtaceae. Syzygium is the local native species and is featured here. Syzygium is rare in Central Mali but was found on the summit of Gandamiya mountain near Douentza. It is common farther south. The family also includes guava, clove, and eucalyptus.
- Keyword:
- Myrtaceae
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of plants, in nature or specimens, of family Moringaceae. The local species is Moringa oleracea, planted here and there in villages chiefly for the foliage which is made into a sauce.
- Keyword:
- Moringaceae and Moringa
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of plants, in nature or specimens, of family Moraceae. All species in the zone covered are figs (Ficus spp.)
- Keyword:
- Moraceae and Ficus
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of plants, in nature or specimens, of the family Molluginaceae. The common species in Central Mali are Mollugo nudicaulis (from which a spontaneous "soap" can be made) and Glinus lotoides. See also Aizoaceae (Trianthema, Zaleya), Gisekiaceae (Gisekia), and Limeaceae (Limeus). These families have been combined in various ways in previous classifications.
- Keyword:
- Molluginaceae
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of plants, in nature or specimens, of family Menyanthaceae (false water lilies).
- Keyword:
- Menyanthaceae and Nymphoides
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of plants, in nature or specimens, of family Menispermaceae.
- Keyword:
- Menispermaceae
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of plants, in nature or specimens, of the family Meliaceae. Azadirachta (neem tree) is nonnative but is planted everywhere in Malian villages and cities. Khaya ("caïlcédrat") was formerly the boulevard tree of preference in cities in the colonial period; it is native to West Africa but occurs in the wild mainly farther south.
- Keyword:
- Meliaceae
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of plants, in nature or specimens, of family Malvaceae, genera I to Z. Malvaceae (sensu lato) now includes former Bombacaceae (Adansonia, Ceiba, Bombax), Tiliaceae (Grewia, Corchorus, Triumfetta), and Sterculiaceae (Cola, Sterculia, Waltheria).
- Keyword:
- Malvaceae
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of plants, in nature or specimens, of family Malvaceae, genus Hibiscus. H. sabdariffa (roselle) is cultivated. H. esculentus (okra) is not widely cultivated in this zone. Of native species, H. micranthus can be confused with H. pseudohirtus.
- Keyword:
- Hibiscus
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of plants, in nature or specimens, of family Malvaceae, genera A to G. Malvaceae (sensu lato) now includes former Bombacaceae (Adansonia, Ceiba, Bombax), Tiliaceae (Grewia, Corchorus, Triumfetta), and Sterculiaceae (Cola, Sterculia, Waltheria).
- Keyword:
- Malvaceae
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of plants, in nature or specimens, of family Malphighiaceae. The family is represented in rocky areas of Central Mali by Acridocarpus monodii, which is endemic to Mali and has become rare (and threatened).
- Keyword:
- Malphighiaceae and Acridocarpus monodii
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of plants, in nature and specimens, of family Lythraceae. Lawsonia is the henna bush, planted in towns. Henna is a dark pigment used in body decorations, especially hands and feet.
- Keyword:
- Lythraceae and henna
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of plants, in nature or specimens, of family Loranthaceae (mistletoe). Englerina has yellow flowers. Tapinanthus spp. have red flowers and are difficult to distinguish from each other. Tapinanthus bangwensis is the common species in Central Mali.
- Keyword:
- Loranthaceae and mistletoe
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey G.
- Description:
- images of plants, in nature or specimens, of family Limeaceae. This family has recently been separated from Molluginaceae. Only Limeum pterocarpum is widespread in Central Mali.
- Keyword:
- Limeaceae and Limeum
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of plants, in nature or specimens, of family Lentibulariaceae
- Keyword:
- Lentibulariaceae
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of plants, in nature or specimens, of family Lauraceae. Cassytha is a native plant. Laurus nobilis (a kind of bay leaf) is an imported dried leaf used as a spice especially in Songhay cuisine.
- Keyword:
- Lauraceae
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of plants, in nature or specimens, of family Lami.aceae (synonym Labiatae). Leucas and Leonotis genera overlap and may be merged. Gmelina and Vitex have been transferreed to Lamiaceae from Verbenaceae but are still listed as Verbenaceae in some websites.
- Keyword:
- Lamiaceae and Vitex
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of plants, in nature or specimens, of family Hydrocharitaceae. Included is genus Najas, which is sometimes elevated to family status (Najadaceae). Najas spp. are difficult for a nonspecialist to distinguish from each other and from Lagarosiphon. Ottelia is easily recognized.
- Keyword:
- Hydrocharitaceae and Najas
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of plants, in nature or specimens, of plants of the family Hernandiaceae. Genus Gyrocarpus, the only one present in the zone, is sometimes placed in its own family Gyrocarpaceae.
- Keyword:
- Hernandiaceae and Gyrocarpus
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of plants, in nature or specimens, of family Heliotropiaceae. This family was recently separated from Boraginaceae.
- Keyword:
- Heliotropiaceae
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of plants, in nature or specimens, of family Gisekiaceae
- Keyword:
- Gisekiaceae, Gisekia
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of plants, in nature and specimens, of family Geraniaceae
- Keyword:
- Geraniaceae
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of plants, in nature or specimens, of family Fabaceae, subfamily Faboideae, genus Indigofera. Indigofera tinctoria was used for indigo dye.
- Keyword:
- Indigofera
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of plants, in nature or specimens, of family Fabaceae, subfamily Faboideae, genera T to Z. Vigna unguiculata is cultivated cowpea (the local "beans"). Vigna subterranea (ex Vouandzeia) is cultivated groundnut (resembles peanut but harder).
- Keyword:
- Faboideae
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of plants, in nature or specimens, of family Fabaceae (legumes), subfamily Faboideae, genera M to S
- Keyword:
- Faboideae
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of plants, in nature or specimens, of the family Fabaceae, subfamily Faboideae, genera A to E. Arachis hypogaea is cultivated peanut.
- Keyword:
- Faboideae
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of plants, in nature or specimens, of family Fabaceae (legumes), subfamily Detarioideae
- Keyword:
- Detarioideae
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of plants, in nature or specimens, of the family Fabaceae (legumes), subfamily Cercidoideae.
- Keyword:
- Fabaceae, Cercidoideae
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of plants, in nature or specimens, of family Fabaceae (legumes), subfamily Caesalpinioideae, mimosoid clade, former Acacia spp. (sensu lato). The acacias were split in 2011 into several genera: African acacias were assigned to Faidherbia, Senegalia, and Vachellia. Acacia (sensu stricto) was delimited to Australia (due to strong-arming from the Australian timber industry), even though the type species was Acacia (now Vachellia) nilotica. Acacia ehrenbergiana was renamed Vachellia flava, in other cases the species epithet did not change when the genus changed. Many botanists continue to use Acacia for the entire complex, others recognize Faidherbia but retain Acacia for Senegalia and Vachellia. By strict botanical rules, Acacia should be limited to "Vachellia".
- Keyword:
- Acacia, Faidherbia, Vachellia, and Senegalia
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of plants, in nature or specimens, of family Fabaceae, subfamily Caesalpinioidea, mimosoid clade excluding former Acacia spp.
- Keyword:
- mimosoid
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of plants, in nature or specimens, of family Fabaceae (legumes), subfamily Caesalpinioideae, excluding mimosoids (e.g. acacias). The genus Cassia has been divided into Cassia (sensu stricto), Chamaecrista, and Senna.
- Keyword:
- Caesalpinioideae
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of plants, in nature or specimens, of family Euphorbiaceae. Euphorbia sudanica may include the very similar Euphorbia paganorum. Manihot is cultivated cassava. Euphorbia balsamifera is planted along roads. The two Jatropha's (of American origin) and Ricinus are planted in villages. See also Phyllanthaceae, which were moved out of Euphorbiaceae.
- Keyword:
- Euphorbiaceae
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of plants, in nature or specimens, of family Elatinaceae
- Keyword:
- Elatinaceae
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of plants, in nature or specimens, of the family Ebenaceae
- Keyword:
- Ebenaceae, Diospyros
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of plants, in nature or specimens, of the family Dioscoreaceae. The genus Tacca is included here (formerly in Taccaceae).
- Keyword:
- Diocoreaceae, Dioscorea, Tacca
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of flora from nature or of specimens, family Cyperaceae. Only a few of the many sedge spp. are of interest to people in central Mali: Cyperus articulatus (aromatic tubers), Cyperus esculentus (commercialized edible tubers, "pois sucrés"), Cyperus maculatus (rootstocks burned as incense), Cyperus rotundus (edible tubers, not very good and not commercialized).
- Keyword:
- Cyperaceae, sedge, Cyperus
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of flora from nature or of specimens, family Cucurbitaceae . There are some difficulties involving determinations of wild melons with protrusions (horns), Cucumis pustulatus/metuliferus/prophetarum. Cultivated spp. are Lagenaria (gourd, calabash), Citrullus lanatus (watermelon), and Cucurbita (squash/pumpkin).
- Keyword:
- Cucurbitaceae
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of flora from nature or of specimens, family Convolvulaceae
- Keyword:
- Convolvulaceae
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of flora from nature or of specimens, family Commelinaceae
- Keyword:
- Commelinaceae
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of flora from nature or of specimens, family Combretaceae.
- Keyword:
- Combretaceae
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of flora from nature or of specimens, family Colchicaceae
- Keyword:
- Colchicaceae
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of flora from nature or of specimens, family Cleomaceae. This family was previously part of Capparaceae, and is now sometimes included in Brassicaceae.
- Keyword:
- Cleomaceae, Cleome
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of flora from nature or of specimens, family Chrysobalanaceae
- Keyword:
- Chrysobalanaceae
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of flora from nature or of specimens, family Celastraceae
- Keyword:
- Celastraceae
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of flora from nature or of specimens, family Caryophyllaceae
- Keyword:
- Caryophyllaceae
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of flora from nature or of specimens, family Capparaceae (also spelled Capparidaceae). For Cleome see "Cleomaceae".
- Keyword:
- Capparaceae, Capparidaceae
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of flora from nature or of specimens, family Cannabaceae. Celtis and Trema were previously placed in the family Ulmaceae.
- Keyword:
- Cannabaceae, Celtis, and Trema
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of flora from nature or of specimens, family Burseraceae. Commiphora africana produces a gum (bdellium) known as albarkante in Mali and widely burned as incense.
- Keyword:
- Burseraceae
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of flora from nature or of specimens, family Brassicaceae (formerly Cruciferae). Most of the native plants of this family are Saharan, if Cleomaceae is treated as a separate family as in this collection.
- Keyword:
- Brassicaceae
- Discipline:
- Humanities
-
- Creator:
- Heath, Jeffrey
- Description:
- images of plants, in nature or specimens, of family Boraginaceae. Heliotropium and Euploca have been segregated as a new family Heliotropiaceae.
- Keyword:
- Boraginaceae
- Discipline:
- Humanities